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CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology > Applied Lung Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Lung Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Is it easy or difficult to understand and quantifying resistance in conduction zone?

A

Difficult

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2
Q

Why is it difficult to measure airway resistance in conduction zone?

A
  • Branching of air ways, narrowing of airways, dispensable, compressible leads to DYNAMIC resistance
  • Air flow changes as well (laminar, turbulent and transitional)
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3
Q

What is airway resistance?

A

Presuming the air flows through a rigid, smooth bored tube governed by Poiseuille’s law

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4
Q

What is the airway resistance equation?

A

Change in pressure = Airflow (V) x Resistance (R1)

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5
Q

What is Poiseuille’s law?

A

Resistance is directional proportional to viscosity of fluid and the length of tube and inversely proportional to the forth power of the radius of the tube

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6
Q

If R^4, what would the resistance be if the radius reduced by half?

A

16

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7
Q

What conditions are associated with changes in resistance?

A

-Asthma, bronchitis, croup

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8
Q

What is important to the resistance of airflow?

A

Radius

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9
Q

Describe bronchial smooth muscle dilation:

A
  1. ACH binds to receptor
  2. Phospholipase C becomes active - causing production of IP3
  3. IP3 binds to specific receptors (e.g sarcoplasmic reticulum)
  4. Ca 2+ is released into cytosol
  5. Alongside couple protein, Ca2+ is released by L-type channel where DAG contributes to Ca2+ sensitisation and rho A kinase active inhibits MLCPK
  6. Ca2+ and calmodulin binds to form Ca2+ calmodulin complex
  7. Thus complex helps activate MLCK
  8. Conversion between ATP to ADP and Pi with the help of MLCK
  9. Phosphorylation of myosin head activates - allowing a cross-bridge formation with actin filaments
  10. MLCP removes phosphate group from active myosin head with associated MLC to become inactive
  11. Ca2+/Na+ antiporter pumps out Ca2+ to ensure concentration is bellow threshold
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10
Q

What is bronchial smooth muscle dilation?

A

Number of triggers cause inhibition of contraction in bronchi

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11
Q

What is type I asthma?

A

Hypersensitivity

  • Allergic or immediate hypersensitivity
  • Develops IgE antibodies in response to harmless antigens
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12
Q

How do you make allergen from IgE?

A

Adaptive immune response by B cells that form plasma cells

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13
Q

What do IgE do in type I asthma?

A

Enters circulation and binds to mast cells in tissue

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14
Q

What does cross-linking causes mast cells to do?

A

Degranulate and release:

  • Vasoreactive amines- Histamine
  • Cytokines/chemokines
  • Leukotrienes
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15
Q

How do you measure compliance?

A

Measure as volume per unit pressure change

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16
Q

What are the units form compliance?

A

mL cmH20^-1

17
Q

Does emphysema have a higher or lower compliance than compliance in normal people?

18
Q

Does fibrosis have a higher or lower compliance than compliance in normal people?

19
Q

How does emphysema occur?

A
  • Destruction of alveolar walls = large air spaces not cleared of air on exhalation
  • Decrease in elastic fibres = decrease in elastic recoil
  • Decrease in gas exchange = decrease in O2 diffusion = decrease O2 levels in blood
20
Q

What is the symptoms of emphysema?

A
  • Barrel chest

- Breathlessness even in mild exercise

21
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

22
Q

What are two principles causes of COPD?

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

23
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Lipoprotein secreted by type II alveolar cells

24
Q

What does surfactant liquid fit linen?

25
Q

What does surfactant affect surface tension?

26
Q

If there is lower surface tension what happens in relation to compliance and breathing?

A
  • Increase compliance

- Improves work of breathing

27
Q

What is the average ventilation of the alveoli?

28
Q

What is the average of pulmonary flow?

29
Q

What is average ventilation/perfusion matching?

30
Q

What must you due to regional difference in ventilation and perfusion?

A

Match ventilation and perfusion at the alveolar-capillary level

31
Q

At the start of inspiration, alveoli at base of lungs are smaller what does mean it is capable of?

A

More capacity to expand

-Ventilation in areas are greater over the whole breathing cycle

32
Q

What does V stand for?

A

Ventilation

33
Q

What does Q stand for?

34
Q

What happens when perfusion pressure falls above level of heart but increase below it?

A

Blood flow increases steadily from apex to base of lungs

35
Q

Is ventilation and perfusion directly or inversely proportional?

A

Directly proportional

36
Q

What are the problems in ventilation-perfusion matching?

A

Affect O2 and CO2 transfers

37
Q

If there is shunt in the way what does that affect relating to ventilation?

A

Pulmonary arterial blood from this area is not oxygenated

38
Q

What is alveolar dead-space?

A
  • No perfusion

- Alveolar gas is the same as room air, containing no CO2

CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology (18 decks)

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