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CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology > Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of respiratory system?

A
  • Gaseous exchange
  • Acid-Base balance
  • Phonation
  • Pulmonary defence mechanism
  • Pulmonary metabolism
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2
Q

What makes the respiratory system?

A
  • Upper respiratory
  • Lower respiratory
  • Lateral surface of lungs
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3
Q

What components are in the upper respiratory?

A
  • Frontal sinus
  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasal conchae
  • Tongue
  • Nose
  • Sphenoidal sinus
  • Internal nares
  • Pharynx
  • Thyroid bond
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4
Q

What components are in the lower respiratory?

A
  • Esophagues
  • Trachea
  • Bronchus
  • Bronchioles
  • Clavicle
  • Ribs
  • Diaphragm
  • Lungs (right and left)
  • Alveoli
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5
Q

What are the components in the lateral surface of the lungs?

A
  • Apex
  • Superior lobe
  • Middle lob
  • Inferior lobe
  • Horizontal fissure
  • Cardiac notch
  • Oblique fissure
  • base
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6
Q

Does the left lung point towards or sit on the heart?

A

Point towards

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7
Q

What is the difference between the right and the left lung?

A

The left has a cardiac notch and no middle lobe

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8
Q

What two functional zones can the airway be split in?

A
  • Conduction zone

- Respiratory zone

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9
Q

Describe the conducting zone:

A
  • First 16 generations (i.e. divisions or splits) incapable of gaseous exchange
  • No alveolar present
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10
Q

Describe the respiratory zone:

A
  • Alveoli present between generation 17-23

- Gaseous exchange

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11
Q

What components are in the conducting zone?

A
  • trachea
  • Bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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12
Q

How many tubes are in the trachea region?

A

1

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13
Q

How many tubes are in the bronchi region?

A

2

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14
Q

How many tubes are in the bronchioles region?

A

4

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15
Q

How many tubes are in the bronchioles region?

A

8 - 32

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16
Q

How many tubes are in the terminal bronchioles region?

A

6 x 10^4

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17
Q

What components are in the respiratory zone?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolare duct
  • Alveolar sacs
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18
Q

How many tubes are in the respiratory bronchioles region?

A

5 x 10^5

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19
Q

How many tubes are in the alveolar sacs region?

A

8 x 10^6

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20
Q

What is involved in muscles of respiration?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostals
  • Accessory muscles
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21
Q

Describe the diaphragm:

A
  • Most powerful

- 1/3 to 1/2 of tidal volume

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22
Q

Out of the diaphragm, intercostals and accessory muscles which is the least powerful??

A

-Intercostals

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23
Q

Where do you fine must accessory muscles?

A

-Neck muscles

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24
Q

When is accessory muscles used?

A

Extreme distress

25
Q

When is the abdominal wall muscles used?

A

In forced expiration

26
Q

Are respiratory muscles smooth or skeletal muscles?

A

Skeletal

27
Q

Are the intercostal muscles between the ribs or not?

A

Its is

28
Q

What different types of intercostal muscles?

A
  • External intercostal muscles
  • Internal intercostal muscles
  • Innermost intercostal muscles
29
Q

What is respiratory air flow determined by?

A

The pressure difference between the mouth and alveoli

30
Q

What are the two different types of respiratory flows?

A
  • Upstream rise in pressure

- Down stream fall in pressure

31
Q

How is inspiration caused relating to pressure?

A 
Atmospheric pressure (ATM)  is higher than ATM in lungs 
-Pressure gradient
32
Q

How is expiration caused relating to pressure?

A

Increase pressure inside lungs than outside

-Pressure gradient

33
Q

What does Patm stand for?

A

Atmosphere pressure

34
Q

What does Pip stand for?

A

Intrapleural pressure

35
Q

What does Ptp strand for?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

36
Q

What does Palv stand for?

A

Alveolar pressure

37
Q

Why is Pip already negative?

A

Due to counter recoil of chest wall and alveoli

38
Q

Describe inspiration:

A
  • Inspiratory muscles contract
  • Pip becomes more negative
  • Increases difference Palv and Pip which increases Ptp
  • Increases difference between Palv and Pip
  • Alveolar volume increases
  • Palv decreases
  • Change in pressure between atm and all
39
Q

What is important to remember about Ptp?

A

The larger the Ptp the greater the alveolar wall distension

40
Q

Describe expiration:

A
  • Inspiratory muscles relax
  • Pip becomes less negative
  • Decreases difference between Palv and Pip which decreases Ptp
  • Alveolar volume decreases
  • Palv increases
  • Change between all and atm
41
Q

What happens if Ptp is smaller?

A

The alveolar walls recoils

42
Q

What is alveolar interdependence?

A

Outer alveoli are affected by the change in the intrapleural pressure which affects the next alveoli and so on until inner depths of lungs

43
Q

Increasing space without changing the inside volume will decrease the pressure

What law does this represent?

A

Boyles’ Law

44
Q

What is intraplueral space?

A
  • Fluid
  • Allows lubrication due to two moving parts
  • Water tension (the riser pleura will follow the parietal pleura when it moves)
45
Q

What is the pneumothorax?

A

When air gets into the space between the outside of your lung and the inside of your chest wall, your ribcage.

46
Q

How can pneumothorax happen?

A

Pleural seal broken wither by:
-Inwards through the lung tissue
OR
-Outwards through the chest wall

47
Q

What happens if you have pneumothorax?

A
  • Negative pressure cannot not be generated - ventilation ineffective
  • Lungs collapse due to unopposed elastic recoil of alveoli
48
Q

What are the two factors need to overcome for work of breathing?

A
  • Resistance

- Compliance

49
Q

How is resistance relevant to work of breathing?

A
  • Resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during inspiration and expiration
  • Affected by diameter of airway
50
Q

How is compliance relevant to work of breathing?

A

-Measures of the lungs ability to stretch and expand

51
Q

What is dispensability of elastic tissue?

A

Measures of the lungs ability to stretch and expand

52
Q

What happens to breathing with increase resistance?

A
  • Obstructive diseases
  • Airway narrowing (e.g asthma)
  • Increasing respiratory rate
53
Q

Why are children at a greater risk of resistance?

A
  • Smaller airways

- Higher resting respiratory rates

54
Q

What happens to breathing with decrease compliance?

A
  • Restrictive disease
  • Affects expandability of lungs (and chest wall)
  • Value varies as lungs inflates
55
Q

Is fibrosis the caused by high compliance or low compliance?

A

Low compliance

56
Q

Is emphysema the caused by high compliance or low compliance?

A

High compliance

57
Q

Does compliance or resistance lead to restrictive diseases?

A

Compliance

58
Q

Does compliance or resistance lead to obstructive diseases?

A

Resistance

CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology (18 decks)

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