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CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology > Physiological Roles of the Kidney > Flashcards

Physiological Roles of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Regulator
  • Excretor
  • Producer
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2
Q

How does the urinary system act as a regulator?

A
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Regulation of water
  • Inorganic ion balance
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3
Q

How does the urinary system act as an excretory?

A
  • Removal of metabolic wastes (from the blood)

- Removal of foreign chemical from body

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4
Q

How does the urinary system act as a producer?

A
  • Gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from non carbohydrate source)
  • Production of hormones
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5
Q

What does electrolyte imbalance leads to?

A

Disease

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6
Q

What happens if there is 1/3 decrease of K+ concentration?

A

Nerves unable to generate action potential

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7
Q

What happens if there is 1/2 decrease in Ca2+ concentration?

A

Tetanic skeletal muscle concentration

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8
Q

What does homeostasis require?

A

Maintenance of water, pH and electrolytes with narrow range to be conductive to life

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9
Q

Where is sodium largely located?

A

In extracellular fluid

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10
Q

What does changes in plasma Na+ affect?

A
  • Plasma volume = blood pressure

- Intracellular fluid composition and volume

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11
Q

What is a role of sodium in the kidney?

A

Determinant in controlling extracellular fluid volume and water distribution

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12
Q

What can an imbalance in sodium lead to?

A
  • Hyponatraemia

- Hypernatraemia

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13
Q

Where is 98% of potassium located?

A

Intracellularly

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14
Q

How much of potassium is in skeletal muscle?

A

70%

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15
Q

What is vital in the maintenance of potassium balance?

A

Kidney

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16
Q

What is the main role of potassium in the cell

A

Forms basis of the RMP and excitability of nerve and muscle cells

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17
Q

What can occur of an imbalance of potassium?

A
  • Hypokalaemia

- Hyperkalaemia

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18
Q

What does alteration of the amount of excretion/reabsorption of key electrolytes do?

A
  • Alter plasma concentration
  • Alter interstitial concentration
  • Influence cellular function
19
Q

How many different types of aquaporins are there?

A

8+ sub-types

20
Q

What produces ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

21
Q

What produces aldosterone?

A

Adrenal cortex

22
Q

Is ADH or aldosterone a long term effector?

A

Aldosterone

23
Q

Is ADH or aldosterone a short term effector?

A

ADH

24
Q

Why does ADH act a short-term effector in response to dehydration?

A
  • Increase in plasma osmolarity
  • Increased body loss of water
  • Reduced intake of water
25
Q

Why does aldosterone act a long-term response to decrease body fluid volume?

A

-Loss of both water and salt results in no change of osmolarity

26
Q

Where is atrial natriuretic peptide produced?

A

Atrial tissue

27
Q

How does atrial natriuretic peptide work?

A

Inhibits reabsorption of Na+
Inhibiting H20 reabsorption
Urine becomes more dilted

28
Q

What is acidosis?

A

pH<7.35

29
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

pH>7.45

30
Q

What happens to the CNS + PNS if pH>7.45?

A

Over excitability

  • Sensory neurone fire absence of stimulation
  • Motor neurons cause muscle twitches
31
Q

Are metabolic acids continually produced?

A

Yes

32
Q

What controls acid-base balance?

A
  • Respiratory system

- Kidney

33
Q 
Describe acidosis:
In terms of
-H+ secretion
-H- excretion
-HCO3-
-pH of urine
-Compensatory chang in plasma membrane
A
  • H+ secretion = increase
  • H- excretion = increase
  • HCO3- = zero
  • pH of urine = acidic
  • Compensatory change in plasma membrane = alkalisation towards normal
34
Q 
Describe alkalosis:
In terms of
-H+ secretion
-H- excretion
-HCO3-
-pH of urine
-Compensatory chang in plasma membrane
A
  • H+ secretion = decrease
  • H- excretion = decrease
  • HCO3- = increase
  • pH of urine = alkaline
  • Compensatory change in plasma membrane = acidification towards normal
35
Q

Within which part of the nephron does the following process
mainly take place: reabsorption of water and nutrients
A. Renal corpuscle
B. Proximal tubule
C. LoH descending limb
D. Distal tubule
E. Collecting duct

A

B

36
Q

Within which part of the nephron does the following process

mainly take place: reabsorption of water by ADH
A. Renal corpuscle
B. Proximal tubule
C. LoH descending limb
D. Distal tubule
E. Collecting duct
A

E

37
Q

Collecting ducts are located within which part of the kidney?

A. Cortex
B. Medulla
C. Renal pyramids
D. Renal columns
E. Renal pelvis
A

C

38
Q 
Which of the following statements relating to ADH is correct?
A. It increases the permeability
of the collecting ducts to
water.
B. It is secreted in response to
low potassium ion in the
blood.
C. It causes the kidneys to
produce a larger volume of
very dilute urine.
D. It is secreted by the anterior
pituitary.
E. Its release is insensitive to
the osmolarity of interstitial
fluid.
A

A

39
Q

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce…

A. a larger volume of urine.
B. urine with a higher
concentration of sodium ions.
C. urine with a lower
concentration of potassium
ions.
D. urine with a lower
concentration of sodium ions.
E. urine with less glucose.
A

D

40
Q

Which of the following statements relating to the RAAS is correct?
A. Renin is released from the
macula densa in response to
an increase in the GFR
B. The macula densa is located within the proximal tubule and monitors filtered Na +
C. Juxtaglomerular cells release renin in response to a
decrease in filtered Na +
D. Renin is released into the
filtrate where it increases Na+
and water reabsorption

A

C

41
Q 
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may
lead to:
A. less secretion of aldosterone
B. increased urinary loss of
sodium
C. reduction of blood pressure
D. B and C only
E. A, B, and C
A

E

42
Q

The process of filtration is driven by:

A. active transport
B. blood osmotic pressure
C. blood hydrostatic pressure
D. renal pumping
E. solvent drag
A

C

43
Q

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 55 mm Hg, and a pressure in the Bowman’s space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the Oncotic pressure is 28 mm Hg, and the glomerulus pressure is 2mmHg.
What is the net filtration pressure in this case?

A. 40 mm Hg
B. 14 mm Hg
C. 30 mm Hg
D. 26 mm Hg
E. 100 mm Hg
A

B

44
Q

Autoregulation of the GFR is best described by the following?

A. Myogenic vasoconstriction
of afferent arteriole
B. Maintains GFR over a wide
range of blood pressures
C. Depends on changes in
the efferent arteriole
D. All of the above
E. A and C only
A

D

CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology (18 decks)

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