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Principles Of Disease And Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

Etiology

A

the study of the cause of a disease

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

the development of a disease

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4
Q

infection

A

colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

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6
Q

transient microbiota

A

may be present for days, weeks, or months

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7
Q

normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host

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8
Q

symbiosis means

A

living together. It is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host.

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9
Q

in symbiosis, what is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.

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10
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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11
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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12
Q

Some normal microbiota are

A

opportunistic pathogens

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13
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

is a competition between microbes

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14
Q

Normal microbiota protect the host by

A

Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
Producing acids
Producing bacteriocins

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15
Q

Probiotics:

A

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

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16
Q

Koch’s postulates (1st step out of 4?)

A
  1. The same pathogen must be PRESENT in every case of the disease.
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17
Q

Koch’s postulates (2nd step out of 4?)

A
  1. The pathogen must be ISOLATED from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
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18
Q

Koch’s postulates (3rd step out of 4?)

A
  1. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
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19
Q

Koch’s postulates (4th step out of 4?)

A
  1. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
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20
Q

Koch’s postulates are used to prove the cause of

A

An infectious disease

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21
Q

In Koch’s postulates

A

Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions and can cause disease only in humans

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22
Q

Symptom:

A

a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
Ex: nausea, dizziness, backache

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23
Q

Sign

A

A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Ex: fever, rash

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24
Q

Syndrome

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Ex: aids

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25
Communicable disease:
A disease that is spread from one host to another
26
Contagious disease:
a disease that is easily spread from one host to another
27
Noncommunicable disease:
a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
28
Incidence:
fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
29
Prevalence:
fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
30
Sporadic disease
disease that occurs occasionally in a population
31
Endemic disease
disease constantly present in a population
32
Epidemic disease
disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
33
Pandemic disease
Worldwide epidemic
34
Acute disease
Symptoms develop rapidly
35
Chronic disease
disease develops slowly
36
Subacute disease:
Symptoms between acute and chronic
37
Latent disease
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive
38
Herd immunity
Immunity in most of a population
39
Four links in the chain of infection
1. Host 2. Etiologic agent (microbe causing the disease) -virulence] = pathogenicity -location ] = pathogenicity 3. Reservoir: area of where a pathogen can hang out until it can infect 4. Mode of transmission
40
Local infection:
pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
41
Systemic infection:
an infection throughout the body
42
Focal infection:
systemic infection that began as a local infection
43
Sepsis:
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
44
Bacteremia:
bacteria in the blood
45
Septicemia:
growth of bacteria in the blood
46
Toxemia:
toxins in the blood
47
Viremia:
viruses in the blood
48
Primary infection:
(Infection you started with) acute infection that causes the initial illness
49
Secondary infection:
opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
50
Subclinical disease:
no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection): a human carrier
51
Predisposing factors:
Anything that makes patient more susceptible to disease
52
Predisposing factors make the body more susceptible to
Disease Ex: Short urethra in females, Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene, Climate and weather, Fatigue, Age, Lifestyle, Chemotherapy
53
Period of convalescence
Immune is trying to recover and build again
54
Reservoirs of infection (outside the host ex: carriers, humans)
Continual sources of infection Human: AIDS, gonorrhea Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases Animal: rabies, Lyme disease Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans Nonliving: botulism, tetanus -Soil
55
Transmission of disease:
Contact Indirect: spread by fomites (inanimate object that can spread disease (ex: pens and pencils that everyone touches Droplet: transmission via airborne droplets Direct: requires close association between an infected and susceptible host
56
Vehicle transmission
Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)
57
Vectors:living vehicles
Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes Transmit disease by two general methods: 1. Mechanical transmission: arthropod carries pathogen on feet ex:flies and roaches 2. Biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in vector (take in pathogens through its body and has to transmit it) ex:ticks, mites, mosquitoes
58
Nosocomial infections (HAI)=hospital acquired infections
Are acquired as a result of a hospital stay Affect 5–15% of all hospital patients
59
Emerging infectious diseases
Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future.
60
Contributing factors to emerging infectious diseases:
61
Antigenic shift
2 or more virus enters host during assembly, they get a mixture of spikes
62
Epidemiology
The study of where and when diseases occur
63
Morbidity:
incidence of a specific notifiable disease
64
Mortality:
deaths from notifiable diseases
65
Morbidity rate:
number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period
66
Mortality rate :
number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time
67
John snow 1848-1849
Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London
68
Ignaz Semmelweis 1846-1848
Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever
69
Florence nightingale 1858
Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus (cleaned out wounds/changed bandages)
70
Case reporting:
health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices
71
Nationally notifiable diseases:
physicians are required to report occurrence

Microbiology (22 decks)

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