Genetics Study Guide Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Genetics

A

-study of what genes are
-how they carry information
-how information is expressed
-how genes are replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that encodes a functional product (usually a protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genome

A

All of the genetic material of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genomics

A

Molecular study of genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genotype

A

Genes of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of the genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA replication

A

Anabolic polymerization process that requires monomers and energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transcription *

A

Information in DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Translation *

A

Polypeptides synthesized from RNA nucleotide sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Central dogma of genetics

A

DNA →RNA →Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sigma factor

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Codon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anticodon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intron

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Exon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inducible operons

A

Must be activated by inducers
-ex:lactose operon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Repressible operons

A

Transcribed continually until deactivated by repressors.
-ex:tryptophan operon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mutation

A

Any permanent change in the DNA (genetic material)

19
Q

Mutagen

A

Agent that causes mutations
Remember: mutaGEN (prefix gen) STARTS/GENERATES a mutation

20
Q

Spontaneous mutations

A

Occur in the absence of a mutagen.

21
Q

Point mutation

A

(Most common) one or few base pairs affected

22
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

Nucleotide triplets after the mutation displaced

23
Q

Generalized transduction

A

transducing phage carriers random DNA segment from the donor to recipient

24
Q

Specialized transduction

A

Only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred

25
Q

Know the structure of DNA & RNA.

A

DNA: double stranded consisting of nucleotides which is composed of pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group (deoxyribose sugar). DNA= A-T base pair
RNA: single stranded (ribose sugar) RNA= A-U base pair

26
Q

What does it mean when DNA strands are anti parallel?

A

They are upside down from each other ( opposite alignments)
Ex: 2 complimentary strands of a DNA double helix which run in opposite directions alongside each other.

27
Q

What does it mean when DNA replication is semi conservative?

A

One half of the strand is the parent strand and the other half is the daughter strand

28
Q

How is DNA replicated? Where does it get its energy? Parts?

A

-starts at the replication fork, starts at a 5’ to 3’ strand.
Nucleotides are added as a triphosphate nucleotide and therefore it gets its nucleotide and its energy from this molecule from the breaking of a bond that will later bind to the nucleotide

29
Q

What’s a leading strand vs a lagging strand?
*could be an essay question

A

Lagging strand: done in fragments
Leading strand: must be done continuously

30
Q

What is a mutation? Name and give examples of the different types

A

Mutation: change in DNA (becomes permanent)
Ex: silent, missense, nonsense mutations

31
Q

What causes mutations? What are mutagens?give examples of mutagens and how they damage DNA (Ex: ionizing radiation ionizes some)

A

Radiation, chemicals
Mutagen: anything that’s causes a mutation
Ionizing radiation: induces breaks in chromosomes
Nonionizing radiation: induces thymine dimers

32
Q

How does DNA repair itself?

A

DNA polymerase has a repair function, it will come in and fix the DNA (editing function)

33
Q

List and describe three types of horizontal transfer of genetic information

A

1.transformation
2.transduction
3.bacterial conjugation

34
Q

describe three types of horizontal transfer of genetic information: TRANSFORMATION

A

-one of conclusive pieces of proof that DNA is genetic material
-transforming agent was naked DNA
-cells that take up DNA are competent which means competent=cell wall can be altered.

35
Q

describe three types of horizontal transfer of genetic information: TRANSDUCTION

A

Generalized transduction- transducing phage carriers random DNA segment from donor to recipient.
Specialized transduction- only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred.
Involves a virus

36
Q

describe three types of horizontal transfer of genetic information: BACTERIAL CONJUGATION

A

Involves bacterial conjunction (pillus)

37
Q

Transposons are only able to transfer DNA within the cell.
TRUE OR FALSE

A

False
It has the ability to jump to a plasmid and can be transferred to another cell.

38
Q

How is gene expression regulated?

A

Through operons???

39
Q

What is an operon?

A

Control a metabolic pathway at transcription

40
Q

Describe and give examples of an inducible operon

A

Inducible operons- must be activated by inducers
Ex:lactose operon

41
Q

Repressible operon:

A

Transcribed continually until deactivated by repressors.
Ex: tryptophan operon

42
Q

Understand the processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, bacterial conjugation, transformation, transduction, transposons, an inducible operon such as the Lac operon and a repressible operon such as tryptophan operon. Know the participants in the process and their function.

A

Transcription-rna polymerase (how is it activated?)sigmafactor and promoter region
(Couldn’t hear some of it)
-need to add more on this card

43
Q

Understand how bacterial transcription and translation can take place almost simultaneously. Why can’t eukaryotes do this?

A

mRNA has to be processed
Has to go through nuclear pore, out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm