Genetics Study Guide

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

-study of what genes are
-how they carry information
-how information is expressed
-how genes are replicated

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

Segment of DNA that encodes a functional product (usually a protein)

Question 3

Genome

Answer 3

All of the genetic material of an organism

Question 4

Genomics

Answer 4

Molecular study of genomes

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

Genes of an organism

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

Expression of the genes

Question 7

DNA replication

Answer 7

Anabolic polymerization process that requires monomers and energy.

Question 8

Transcription *

Answer 8

Information in DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences

Question 9

Translation *

Answer 9

Polypeptides synthesized from RNA nucleotide sequences

Question 10

Central dogma of genetics

Answer 10

DNA →RNA →Protein

Question 11

Sigma factor

Question 12

Codon

Question 13

Anticodon

Question 14

Intron

Question 15

Exon

Question 16

Inducible operons

Answer 16

Must be activated by inducers
-ex:lactose operon

Question 17

Repressible operons

Answer 17

Transcribed continually until deactivated by repressors.
-ex:tryptophan operon

Question 18

Mutation

Answer 18

Any permanent change in the DNA (genetic material)

Question 19

Mutagen

Answer 19

Agent that causes mutations
Remember: mutaGEN (prefix gen) STARTS/GENERATES a mutation

Question 20

Spontaneous mutations

Answer 20

Occur in the absence of a mutagen.

Question 21

Point mutation

Answer 21

(Most common) one or few base pairs affected

Question 22

Frameshift mutations

Answer 22

Nucleotide triplets after the mutation displaced

Question 23

Generalized transduction

Answer 23

transducing phage carriers random DNA segment from the donor to recipient

Question 24

Specialized transduction

Answer 24

Only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred

Question 25

Know the structure of DNA & RNA.

Answer 25

DNA: double stranded consisting of nucleotides which is composed of pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group (deoxyribose sugar). DNA= A-T base pair
RNA: single stranded (ribose sugar) RNA= A-U base pair

Question 26

What does it mean when DNA strands are anti parallel?

Answer 26

They are upside down from each other ( opposite alignments)
Ex: 2 complimentary strands of a DNA double helix which run in opposite directions alongside each other.

Question 27

What does it mean when DNA replication is semi conservative?

Answer 27

One half of the strand is the parent strand and the other half is the daughter strand

Question 28

How is DNA replicated? Where does it get its energy? Parts?

Answer 28

-starts at the replication fork, starts at a 5’ to 3’ strand.
Nucleotides are added as a triphosphate nucleotide and therefore it gets its nucleotide and its energy from this molecule from the breaking of a bond that will later bind to the nucleotide

Question 29

What’s a leading strand vs a lagging strand?
*could be an essay question

Answer 29

Lagging strand: done in fragments
Leading strand: must be done continuously

Question 30

What is a mutation? Name and give examples of the different types

Answer 30

Mutation: change in DNA (becomes permanent)
Ex: silent, missense, nonsense mutations

Question 31

What causes mutations? What are mutagens?give examples of mutagens and how they damage DNA (Ex: ionizing radiation ionizes some)

Answer 31

Radiation, chemicals
Mutagen: anything that’s causes a mutation
Ionizing radiation: induces breaks in chromosomes
Nonionizing radiation: induces thymine dimers

Question 32

How does DNA repair itself?

Answer 32

DNA polymerase has a repair function, it will come in and fix the DNA (editing function)

Question 33

List and describe three types of horizontal transfer of genetic information

Answer 33

1.transformation
2.transduction
3.bacterial conjugation

Question 34

describe three types of horizontal transfer of genetic information: TRANSFORMATION

Answer 34

-one of conclusive pieces of proof that DNA is genetic material
-transforming agent was naked DNA
-cells that take up DNA are competent which means competent=cell wall can be altered.

Question 35

describe three types of horizontal transfer of genetic information: TRANSDUCTION

Answer 35

Generalized transduction- transducing phage carriers random DNA segment from donor to recipient.
Specialized transduction- only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred.
Involves a virus

Question 36

describe three types of horizontal transfer of genetic information: BACTERIAL CONJUGATION

Answer 36

Involves bacterial conjunction (pillus)

Question 37

Transposons are only able to transfer DNA within the cell.
TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 37

False
It has the ability to jump to a plasmid and can be transferred to another cell.

Question 38

How is gene expression regulated?

Answer 38

Through operons???

Question 39

What is an operon?

Answer 39

Control a metabolic pathway at transcription

Question 40

Describe and give examples of an inducible operon

Answer 40

Inducible operons- must be activated by inducers
Ex:lactose operon

Question 41

Repressible operon:

Answer 41

Transcribed continually until deactivated by repressors.
Ex: tryptophan operon

Question 42

Understand the processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, bacterial conjugation, transformation, transduction, transposons, an inducible operon such as the Lac operon and a repressible operon such as tryptophan operon. Know the participants in the process and their function.

Answer 42

Transcription-rna polymerase (how is it activated?)sigmafactor and promoter region
(Couldn’t hear some of it)
-need to add more on this card

Question 43

Understand how bacterial transcription and translation can take place almost simultaneously. Why can’t eukaryotes do this?

Answer 43

mRNA has to be processed
Has to go through nuclear pore, out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm