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IGCSE Chemistry > Principles of Chemistry > Flashcards

Principles of Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of solids?

A
  • fixed shape
  • fixed volume
  • cannot be compressed
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2
Q

What are the properties of liquids?

A
  • no fixed shape, take shape of their container
  • fixed volume
  • can flow
  • cannot be compressed
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3
Q

What are the properties of gases?

A
  • no fixed shape, take shape of their container
  • no fixed volume, take up volume of their container
  • can flow
  • can be compressed
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4
Q

Describe the structure of solids.

A
  • regular arrangement
  • particles tightly packed (touching each other)
  • vibrate about their fixed position
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5
Q

Describe the structure of liquids.

A
  • no regular arrangement
  • tightly packed particles (less than solid)
  • particles further apart
  • move randomly at different speeds, not far as they frequently collide with other particles
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6
Q

Describe the structure of gases.

A
  • no regular arrangement
  • particles move randomly at different speeds, much faster than liquids
  • particles separated
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7
Q

solid to liquid

A

melting

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8
Q

solid to gas

A

sublimation

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9
Q

liquid to solid

A

freezing

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10
Q

liquid to gas

A

evaporating/boiling

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11
Q

gas to solid

A

deposition

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12
Q

gas to liquid

A

condensing

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13
Q

Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory.

A

temperature of a substance increases, the average KE of particles rises, gain enough energy to overcome forces of attraction
vice-versa for temperature drop

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14
Q

Describe the effects of temperature on the volume of a gas.

A

temperature of gas increases, particles move faster and further (still randomly), increasing distance between particles, so the volume of the gas increases

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15
Q

Describe the effects of pressure on the volume of a gas.

A
  • increase the pressure of a gas, volume decreases
  • same number of particles, less volume.
  • same number of particles will exert more collisions on the sides of the container, increasing pressure
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16
Q

Define diffusion.

A

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until the concentrations are even throughout

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17
Q

State factors which affect diffusion rate.

A
  • temperature
  • concentration gradient
  • molecular mass
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18
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration of a fluid between two connected areas

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19
Q

What is the effect of molecular mass on rate of diffusion?

A

the greater the molecular mass, the slower the molecules move, decreasing RoD

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20
Q

Explain the dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass.

A

larger molecules carry more mass, need more KE than smaller molecules to move the same distance

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21
Q

What is an element?

A

chemical substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances and is composed of only one type of atom

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22
Q

What is a compound?

A

substance made of two or more elements chemically bonded together

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23
Q

What is a mixture?

A

two or more chemical substances found together but not chemically bonded

24
Q

Describe the properties of metals.

A
  • good electrical and thermal conductors
  • high melting and boiling points
  • most are malleable
  • ductile
25
Q

Describe the properties of non- metals.

A
  • good electrical and thermal insulators
  • usually have low melting and boiling points
  • not malleable
  • not ductile
  • brittle
26
Q

Apparatus for the measurement of time.

A

stopwatch

27
Q

Apparatus for the measurement of temperature.

A

thermometer

28
Q

Apparatus for the measurement of mass.

A

mass balance

29
Q

Apparatus for the measurement of volume.

A

burettes, volumetric pipettes, measuring cylinders

30
Q

Burettes are used to measure…

A

volume

31
Q

What are pipettes are used to measure?

A

volume

32
Q

What is a solvent?

A

a substance that dissolves a solute

33
Q

a substance that dissolves a solute

A

solvent

34
Q

What is a solute?

A

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent

35
Q

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent

A

solute

36
Q

What is a solution?

A

a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

37
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

a solution containing the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a specified temperature

38
Q

What is residue?

A

a substance that remains after evaporation, distillation, filtration or any similar process

39
Q

What is a filtrate?

A

a liquid or solution that has passed through a filter

40
Q

Why is paper chromatography used?

A

to separate mixtures of soluble coloured substances, using a suitable solvent

41
Q

Equation for Rf

A

distance travelled by substance/distance travelled by solvent

42
Q

What are some examples of purification?

A

suitable solvent, filtration, crystallisation and distillation

43
Q

Purification with a solvent:

A

mixtures of solid substances are separated using solvents to create a suspension that can be filtered

44
Q

Filtration:

A

removes an insoluble solid from liquids by pouring through a filter, such as filter paper

45
Q

Crystallisation:

A
  • used to obtain solid dissolved in a solution
  • as liquid part of the solution cools + becomes denser, less space for solid particles to occupy - these particles are excluded from liquid + form crystal arrangements on the side of the vessel
46
Q

In which condition does crystallisation work best?

A

when there is a large difference between the solubilities of a given soluble solid at high and low temperatures

47
Q

Distillation:

A

separates liquids by temporarily transforming one of the liquids into a gas

48
Q

How can you assess a substance’s purity using melting and boiling point information?

A

Impurities within a substance alter the temperature at which the bonds between them form/break, changing melting and boiling points

49
Q

In chromatography, what are the unknown substances?

A

solutes

50
Q

What happens during paper chromatography?

A
  • unknown substances (solutes) carried up a sheet of filter paper by a solvent
  • solutes move at different rates
  • spread out and are deposited at different positions along the filter paper
51
Q

In paper chromatography, why do solutes move at different rates?

A

according to their mass and solubility

52
Q

What is Rf?

A

retardation factor value: distance a substance travels from the reference line

53
Q

How can you identify substances in chromatography?

A

Assuming that the Rf value of a pure substance has previously been established, Rf values of each unknown solute can be found and the substance identified by comparison

54
Q

How can paper chromatography be used to separate mixtures of soluble colourless substances?

A

using a suitable solvent and a locating agent

55
Q

What is a locating agent and what is it used for?

A
  • chemical substance that reacts with solute(s) separated in chromatography, to produce a coloured substance
  • used to identify colourless compounds separated in chromatography
56
Q

Define proton number / atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

57
Q

Define mass number / nucleon number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

IGCSE Chemistry (18 decks)

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