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IGCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How can ethanol be made using fermentation + conditions?

A

fermentation of aqueous glucose
25–35°C
in the presence of yeast
in the absence of oxygen

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2
Q

How can ethanol be made using ethene + conditions?

A

catalytic addition of steam to ethene
300°C
60 atm
acid catalyst

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3
Q

Describe the combustion of ethanol.

A
  • burns readily with an almost invisible blue flame
  • burns cleanly and without strong odours
    ethanol + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
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4
Q

Uses of ethanol

A

SOLVENT
FUEL

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5
Q

miss americana

A

and the heartbreak prince

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6
Q

Why is ethanol used in cosmetics?

A

it is safe for human contact

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7
Q

Describe the advantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation.

A

uses crops and waste plant material, which is a sustainable source
can be conducted at low temperatures so is a relatively inexpensive process

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8
Q

Describe the disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation.

A

use of crops for fermentation could impact on food supply
requires ethanol to be produced in batches so it is a stop-start process
requires the impure product to be refined by fractional distillation

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9
Q

Describe the advantages of the manufacture of ethanol by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene.

A

can produce ethanol continuously to meet market demands
can produce ethanol in a fully automated factory requiring little input from human workers
can yield pure ethanol that does not need further refinement

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10
Q

Describe the disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene.

A

uses petroleum from fossil fuels, which will eventually run out
requires high temperatures and pressure, which is expensive

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11
Q

Describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with metals

A

forms salts that contain the ethanoate ion, CH3COO–
bubbles of hydrogen gas are seen

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12
Q

Describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with bases

A

forms salt and water
salt contains ethanoate ion CH3COO-

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13
Q

Describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with carbonates

A

acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide
bubbles of CO2 seen
forms salt with ethanoate ion CH3COO-

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14
Q

In which two ways can ethanoic acid be made?

A

oxidation of ethanol with acidified aq. potassium manganate (VII)
oxidation of ethanol by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production

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15
Q

How can ethanoic acid be made with acidified aq. potassium manganate (VII)?

A

KMnO4 is a strong oxidising agent, used in the presence of sulfuric acid and heat
produces ethanoic acid from ethanol

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16
Q

How can ethanoic acid be made by bacterial oxidation?

A

Bacteria such as acetobacter contain enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid and water

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17
Q

carboxylic acid + alcohol

A

forms an ester
uses an acid catalyst

18
Q

Define polymers

A

large molecules built up from
many smaller molecules called monomers

19
Q

Describe the formation of poly(ethene)

A

addition polymerisation
many ethene monomer molecules react together, joining end to end to make poly(ethene) molecules
no other product forms

20
Q

example of addition polymerisation

A

formation of poly(ethene) using ethene monomers

21
Q

Deduce the structure or repeat unit of an addition polymer from a given alkene

A

change the C=C bond in the monomer into a C–C bond
draw a line from each of the C atoms that were in the C=C bond (representing covalent bonds between repeat units)
draw brackets around the repeat unit

22
Q

Polyamides

A

condensation polymers
made from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine

23
Q

What is a dicarboxylic acid

A

molecule that contains two COOH groups

24
Q

diamine

A

a molecule that contains two NH2 groups

25
Q

how to draw polyamides/formation

A

carbon chain between the two functional groups is shown as a rectangle
two monomers react with other’s functional group, and a molecule of water is eliminated each time a bond forms

26
Q

a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine form

A

a polyamide

27
Q

polyesters are formed from

A

a dicarboxylic acid and a diol

28
Q

a dicarboxylic acid and a diol form

A

polyesters

29
Q

what is a diol

A

a molecule that contains two OH groups

30
Q

formation of polyesters, drawn

A
31
Q

Differences between addition and
condensation polymerisation.

A

In a condensation reaction, unlike addition reactions a smaller molecule is also produced (usually water)

32
Q

Describe and draw the structure of nylon

A

polyamide

33
Q

Describe and draw the structure of PET

A

polyester

34
Q

what are plastics made from?

A

polymers

35
Q

properties of plastics and their consequences

A

takes an extremely long time to decompose

36
Q

what are the environmental challenges caused by plastics

A

disposal in landfill sites
accumulation in oceans
formation of toxic gases from burning

37
Q

describe the environmental challenge caused by plastic disposal in land fill sites

A

suitable land for new sites is becoming difficult to find, existing sites eventually fill up.
problem of plastic pollution does not go away once it is buried.
- as the plastics break down, some particles can be washed out with the ground water, contaminating the surrounding area and nearby streams and rivers

38
Q

describe the environmental challenge caused by plastic burning

A

toxic gases may form

39
Q

what makes PET extra useful

A

it can be converted back into
monomers and re-polymerised

40
Q

What are proteins

A

natural polyamides, formed from amino acid monomers

41
Q

general structure of amino acids

A

contains an NH2 and a COOH group
R represents different types of side chain

42
Q

describe and draw the structure of proteins

A

IGCSE Chemistry (18 decks)

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