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IGCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry 1 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How can we separate petroleum into useful fractions?

A

fractional distillation

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2
Q

How do the boiling points of fractions change as you go down the fractionating column?

A

as you go down, the boiling points increase

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3
Q

How does the viscosity of fractions change as you go down the fractionating column?

A

as you go down, the viscosity increases

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4
Q

How do the volatilities of fractions change as you go down the fractionating column?

A

as you go down, the volatility decreases

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5
Q

How do the chain lengths of fractions change as you go down the fractionating column?

A

as you go down, chain length increases

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6
Q

Name the three fossil fuels.

A

coal, natural gas and petroleum

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7
Q

What is the main constituent of natural gas?

A

methane

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8
Q

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

A

Compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only

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9
Q

What process is used to separate petroleum into its fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

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10
Q

What is petroleum?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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11
Q

What is a fraction?

A

a group of hydrocarbons with similar chain lengths

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12
Q

What are features of fractions obtained from petroleum at the top of the fractionating column?

A
  • lower boiling points
  • runny
  • volatile
  • smaller chain length
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13
Q

What are features of fractions obtained from petroleum at the bottom of the fractionating column?

A
  • higher boiling points
  • viscous
  • low volatility
  • bigger chain length
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14
Q

What is the order of the fractions, from the smallest chain to the largest?

A

refinery gas
gasoline
naphtha
paraffin
diesel oil
fuel oil
lubricating fraction
bitumen

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15
Q

What is the use of refinery gas?

A

heating and cooking

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16
Q

What is the use of gasoline?

A

fuel in cars

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17
Q

What is the use of naphtha?

A

chemical feedstock

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18
Q

What is the use of paraffin?

A

jet fuel

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19
Q

What is the use of diesel oil?

A

fuel used in diesel engines

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20
Q

What is the use of fuel oil?

A

fuel in ships and home heating systems

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21
Q

What is the use of lubricating oil?

A

for lubricants, waxes and polishes

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22
Q

What is the use of bitumen?

A

making roads

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23
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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24
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

25
Q

What is a functional group?

A

an atom or a group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

26
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

an unambiguous description of the way atoms in a molecule are arranged

27
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

28
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

29
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A

contains molecules containing only C-C single bonds

30
Q

What is an unsaturated compound?

A

contains molecules containing at least one C-C double + bond

31
Q

What are the general characteristics of a homologous series?

A
  • have the same functional group
  • have the same general formula
  • trend in physical properties
  • similar chemical properties
32
Q

How is the bonding in alkanes?

A

single covalent
saturated hydrocarbons

33
Q

Are alkanes reactive or unreactive?

A

generally unreactive, except in combustion and with halogens in UV light

34
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction?

A

one atom/group of atoms is replaced by another atom/group of atoms

35
Q

What type of reaction is the reaction between alkanes and chlorine?

A

substitution + photochemical

36
Q

What is the condition necessary for alkanes to react with chlorine? Why?

A

UV light, it gives the activation energy

37
Q

How is the bonding in alkenes?

A

contains a covalent carbon-carbon double bond
unsaturated hydrocarbons

38
Q

Why is cracking used?

A

-because long chain alkanes can be turned into more useful short chain alkanes (can be used for fuels)
-alkenes produced can be used to make polymers (plastic)

39
Q

What happens when an alkene comes into contact with aqueous bromine? How does this differ from an alkane’s reaction with aqueous bromine?

A

alkene - decolorises aqueous bromine
alkane - no difference

40
Q

How many products are formed in an addition reaction?

A

ONLY one

41
Q

What type of reaction do alkenes undergo?

A

addition

42
Q

What happens in a reaction between an alkene and hydrogen?

A

the product becomes an alkane, with the same number of carbon atoms than before but different number of hydrogen atoms

43
Q

What is necessary for an alkene to react with hydrogen?

A

nickel + 200ºC

44
Q

What happens when an alkene reacts with steam?

A

it forms an alcohol

45
Q

What is necessary for an alkene to react with steam?

A

300ºC + phosphoric acid

46
Q

What conditions are necessary for cracking?

A

high temperature
catalyst - either ceramic or aluminium oxide

47
Q

What is produced in cracking?

A

shorter chain alkanes and alkenes (more useful)

48
Q

What type of reactions do alkanes undergo?

A

substitution reactions

49
Q

State in order the prefixes of alkanes and alkenes according to the number of carbon atoms.

A
  1. meth-
  2. eth-
  3. prop-
  4. but-
  5. pent-
  6. hex-
  7. hept-
  8. oct-
50
Q

Which hydrocarbons are more volatile? At the top or bottom of the fractionating column?

A

more volatile if higher up the fractionating column
the smaller the molecule, the more volatile

51
Q

Which hydrocarbons are more viscous? At the top or bottom of the fractionating column?

A

the larger the molecule, the more viscous

52
Q

word equation for combustion

A

fuel (hydrocarbon) + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

53
Q

word equation for combustion

A

fuel (hydrocarbon) + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

54
Q

what is combustion

A

burning

55
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur?

A

when there is a shortage of oxygen

56
Q

what is formed as result of incomplete combustion? Why is it dangerous?

A

carbon monoxide (colorless odorless gas) and/ or soot. carbon monoxide is dangerous as it binds irreversebly to haemoglobin, reducing its ability to carry oxygen

57
Q

what are the possibilities of products in cracking

A
  • alkene + hydrogen
  • alkene + alkane
  • alkane + alkene + alkane
58
Q

word equation for incomplete combustion

A

fuel + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water

59
Q

process of fractional distillation (so para annuca - mari ignora esse card)

A
  • The boiling crude oil is transferred into a large fractioning column- The lighter gaseous hydrocarbon rises the column- When gaseous hydrocarbon rises the column, it starts to cool, and when the temperature reaches below boiling points, it is converted to a liquid state.

IGCSE Chemistry (18 decks)

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