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IGCSE Chemistry > Acids, Bases and Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards

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1
Q

Define acids.

A

proton donors

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2
Q

Define bases.

A

proton acceptors

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3
Q

What type of ions do aqueous solutions of acids contain?

A

H+ ions

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4
Q

H+ ions are found in aqueous solutions of ________.

A

acids

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5
Q

What type of ions do aqueous solutions of alkalis contain?

A

OH- ions

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6
Q

OH- ions are found in aqueous solutions of ________.

A

alkalis

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7
Q

What are alkalis?

A

soluble bases

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8
Q

What are bases, in terms of its molecule?

A

oxide/hydroxide of a metal

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9
Q

What colour does litmus turn in an acid?

A

red

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10
Q

What colour does thymolphthalein turn in an acid?

A

colourless

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11
Q

What colour does methyl orange turn in an acid?

A

red

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12
Q

What colour does phenolphthalein turn in an acid?

A

colourless

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13
Q

What colour does litmus turn in an alkali?

A

blue

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14
Q

What colour does thymolphthalein turn in an alkali?

A

blue

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15
Q

What colour does methyl orange turn in an alkali?

A

yellow

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16
Q

What colour does phenolphthalein turn in an alkali?

A

pink

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17
Q

What is formed when a metal reacts with an acid?

A

hydrogen and a salt

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18
Q

In what reaction is hydrogen and a salt formed?

A

between a metal and acid

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19
Q

What is formed when metal carbonates react with acids?

A

a salt, carbon dioxide and water

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20
Q

In what reaction are a salt, carbon dioxide and water formed?

A

between a metal carbonate and an acid

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21
Q

What is formed when a base reacts with ammonium salts?

A

a salt, water and ammonia gas

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22
Q

Define a strong acid.

A

an acid that is completely dissociated in aqueous solution

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23
Q

Define a weak acid.

A

an acid that is partially dissociated in aqueous solution

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24
Q

Is hydrochloric acid weak or strong? What is an equation that proves this?

A

strong
HCl (aq) -> H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

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25
Q

Is ethanoic acid weak or strong? What is an equation that proves this?

A

weak
CH3COOH (aq) -> H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)

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26
Q

What is a reaction between an acid and an alkali?

A

neutralisation reaction

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27
Q

Why is water formed in a neutralisation reaction?

A

water, because the H+ ions and OH- ions form water

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28
Q

Most non-metal oxides are ______.

A

acidic

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29
Q

Are most non-metal oxides acidic or basic?

A

acidic

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30
Q

What are examples of acidic non-metal oxides?

A

SO2 and CO2

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31
Q

Most metal oxides are ______.

A

basic

32
Q

Are most metal oxides acidic or basic?

A

basic

33
Q

What are examples of basic metal oxides?

A

CuO and CaO

34
Q

What are amphoteric oxides?

A

substances that behave both as an acid or a base

35
Q

What are two examples of amphoteric oxides?

A

Al2O3 and ZnO

36
Q

Al2O3 and ZnO are _________.

A

amphoteric oxides

37
Q

Are sodium salts soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble

38
Q

Are potassium salts soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble

39
Q

Are ammonium salts soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble

40
Q

Are nitrates soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble

41
Q

Are chlorides soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble, except for lead and silver

42
Q

Are sulfates soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble, except for barium, calcium, and lead

43
Q

Are carbonates soluble or insoluble?

A

insoluble, except sodium, potassium and ammonium

44
Q

Are hydroxides soluble or insoluble?

A

insoluble, except sodium, potassium, ammonium and calcium (partially)

45
Q

What is/are the unit(s) for concentration?

A

g/dmˆ3 or mol/dmˆ3

46
Q

How can you convert from mol/dmˆ3 to g/dmˆ3?

A

by multiplying mol/dmˆ3 by the Mr

47
Q

Formula for concentration

A

concentration (mol/dmˆ3) = moles/volume (dmˆ3)

48
Q

What are methods for preparing, separating and purifying SOLUBLE salts?

A

reacting an acid with:
an alkali in a titration
excess metal
excess insoluble base
excess insoluble carbonate

49
Q

What is a method for preparing INSOLUBLE salts?

A

precipitation

50
Q

The first part of a salt’s name comes from…

A

the metal part of the base

51
Q

The second part of a salt’s name comes from…

A

the acid

52
Q

What are the main three possible types of salts?

A

chlorides
sulfates
nitrates

53
Q

What are the three main acids?

A

nitric acid
sulfuric acid
hydrochloric acid

54
Q

What are the possible types of bases?

A

metal oxides
metal hydroxides
metal carbonates
ammonia

55
Q

You use the _____ method to produce salts from reactions with an acid + _______/________/______

A

same
metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate

56
Q

Describe how to produce salts using an acid and a metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate.

A
  1. warm acid to speed up reaction
  2. add excess of the metal/others to acid
  3. filter solution: removes excess solid
  4. transfer to evaporating dish
  5. use bunsen burner to evaporate water (around 2/3) until crystals start to form
  6. leave to cool
  7. filter to get crystals
  8. dry crystals on filter paper
57
Q

Why do you add excess metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate when preparing a salt using an acid?

A

to ensure all acid has been neutralised

58
Q

Describe how to carry out a titration.

A
  1. use volumetric pipette to measure known amount of acid in conical flask
  2. add a few drops of indicator
  3. fill burette with base
  4. add base to acid until colour change
  5. record volume added
  6. repeat w/o indicator
  7. transfer to evaporating dish and heat it
  8. leave to cool, filter and dry crystals
59
Q

What is precipitation used for?

A

preparing insoluble salts

60
Q

Describe how to carry out a precipitation.

A
  1. mix equal quantities of two soluble salts
  2. filter to remove insoluble salt (precipitate)
  3. wash precipitate with water
  4. leave to dry
61
Q

Why should you rinse the burette with titrant after rinsing with water?

A

to avoid diluting the titrant

62
Q

State the colour range of universal indicator and what they mean in relation to pH.

A

red/orange/yellow: acid
green: neutral
blue/purple: bases

63
Q

What is a hydrated substance?

A

a substance that is chemically combined with water

64
Q

What is an anhydrous substance?

A

a substance containing no water

65
Q

Define the term ‘water of crystallisation’.

A

the water molecules present in hydrated crystals

66
Q

In a universal indicator, the closer to _____, the more acidic it is.

A

red

67
Q

In a universal indicator, the most basic solutions are ______.

A

purple

68
Q

acid + base

A

salt + water

69
Q

acid + metal carbonate

A

salt + carbon dioxide + water

70
Q

acid + ammonia

A

salt

71
Q

Ammonium salts react with metal hydroxides and form?

A

forms ammonia

72
Q

Ammonia + hydrogen chloride

A

ammonium chloride

73
Q

bases + ammonium salts

A

ammonia and another salt and water

74
Q

acid + metal

A

salt + hydrogen

75
Q

acid + metal oxide (insoluble base)

A

salt + water

IGCSE Chemistry (18 decks)

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