Principles and Theories of Development (PSYM130)

Question 1

This is a domain of change that focuses on biological health and bodily changes

Answer 1

Physical Development

Question 2

A domain of change with changes in intellectual abilities

Answer 2

Cognitive Development

Question 3

A domain of change in emotion and interpersonal connections. One also develops morality, reasoning, and an understanding of the self

Answer 3

Psychosocial Development

Question 4

True or False: Some stages of development are more important than others

Answer 4

False, all stages are equally important

Question 5

True or False: With each domain of development, development is multi-directional

Answer 5

True

Question 6

A specific time when certain events (and their absence) have a significant impact on development

Answer 6

Critical Period

Question 7

Phases when an individual is very open to certain kinds of experiences

Answer 7

Sensitive Periods

Question 8

A type of influence that only happens to one particular or a few individuals and are mostly unpredictable

Answer 8

Nonnormative Influence

Question 9

True or False: the study of development is and should be purely objective

Answer 9

False, it cannot be avoided that developmental research can be subjective

Question 10

John Locke believed that children are ____ upon which society writes

Answer 10

tabula rasa / blank slate

Question 11

What kind of view on development states that children develop according to their own natural positive tendencies unless they are corrupted by society?

Answer 11

Active Development

Question 12

What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?

Answer 12

Continuous is gradual and incremental and focuses on quantitative aspects. Discontinuous development is abrupt and even, it focuses on qualitative traits

Question 13

This is the assumption that development is based solely on the hereditary and biological traits of an individual

Answer 13

Nature

Question 14

What particular part of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is applied to developmental theories?

Answer 14

An organism’s adaptability in terms of physical and behavioral changes

Question 15

G. Stanley Hall and his student ____ formulated The Normative Approach

Answer 15

Arnold Gesell

Question 16

The Normative Approach used what aspect of nature to compute typical development?

Answer 16

Age

Question 17

Using children’s profiles and evolutionary ideas, what were Hall and Gesell able to contribute to parents at the time?

Answer 17

They were able to explain what to expect from children during each stage of their development

Question 18

What was the purpose of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Answer 18

To detect learning problems in children

Question 19

True or False: Binet and Simon’s work disagreed with The Normative Approach

Answer 19

False, they applied The Normative Approach in their studies

Question 20

According to Freud, when children receive too little or too much gratification at a certain stage, they could develop ____ that may show up in their adult life

Answer 20

Fixations

Question 21

Which stages of development are the most crucial according to Freud?

Answer 21

The first three

Question 22

True or False: Contemporary psychoanalysts agree with Freud’s view on development

Answer 22

False, they disagree as it excludes other human motives aside from sexual and aggressive urges

Question 23

Who pioneered the life-span perspective on development?

Answer 23

Erik Erikson

Question 24

This theory requires a balance of the positive and negative tendencies in each stage of development, and a resolution to the crisis in each stage

Answer 24

Psychosocial Development

Question 25

True or False: Somewhat some of the negative tendency is needed in each life stage

Answer 25

True, it is necessary for optimal development

Question 26

True or False: Freud had a more optimistic perspective on development compared to Erikson

Answer 26

False, it was Erikson that believed development can turn around at any time for the better

Question 27

Briefly explain the concept of the social clock

Answer 27

There is a conventional, culturally normative time for certain life events

Question 28

This theory of behaviorism proved that a response can be trained through repeatedly associating it with a stimuli

Answer 28

Watson’s Classical Conditioning

Question 29

Briefly explain B.F Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Answer 29

Individuals learn to behave in certain ways based on the consequences they associate with each action

Question 30

Albert Bandura’s Term for bidirectional forces that affect development

Answer 30

Reciprocal Determinism

Question 31

The Social Learning Theory states that behaviors are learned by ____ and ____

Answer 31

Observation and Imitation

Question 32

This theory proposed that development is a product of children’s attempt to understand and act upon their world

Answer 32

Cognitive-stage Theory

Question 33

According to Piaget, humans organize ideas and create systems of knowledge as we age and think with more complexity. The structure of this is called ____

Answer 33

Schema

Question 34

Explain the 3 Zones of Proximal Development

Answer 34

Too Easy Zone: What one can do without help
Zone of Proximal Development: What one can do with help
Too hard Zone: Beyond one’s abilities

Question 35

Proponent of the Sociocultural Theory

Answer 35

Lev Vygotsky

Question 36

This is an approach to study development based on one’s mental processes when taking in new information

Answer 36

The Information Processing Approach

Question 37

Why is Vygotsky’s work very impactful in the study of cognitive psychology?

Answer 37

He was able to create assessments that measured children’s learning potential and he also promoted self-regulation in order for children to improve academic achievement

Question 38

This model contextualizes human development using five levels of developmental influence

Answer 38

Bronfrenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory

Question 39

Wilson’s Sociobiological Perspective is heavily influenced by what other theory?

Answer 39

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Question 40

These are the psychological products of humans’ adaptation to environmental changes and natural selection

Answer 40

Cognitive Adaptations

Question 41

What are the 4 steps to achieve the goals of psychology?

Answer 41

Description, Explanation, Prediction, Intervention

Question 42

In how many sequences can a life develop according to Stage Theorists?

Answer 42

One

Question 43

What do contemporary theorists say about paths of change that people can take?

Answer 43

It can be many, defined by unique and combined circumstances