Principles and Theories of Development (PSYM130) Flashcards
This is a domain of change that focuses on biological health and bodily changes
Physical Development
A domain of change with changes in intellectual abilities
Cognitive Development
A domain of change in emotion and interpersonal connections. One also develops morality, reasoning, and an understanding of the self
Psychosocial Development
True or False: Some stages of development are more important than others
False, all stages are equally important
True or False: With each domain of development, development is multi-directional
True
A specific time when certain events (and their absence) have a significant impact on development
Critical Period
Phases when an individual is very open to certain kinds of experiences
Sensitive Periods
A type of influence that only happens to one particular or a few individuals and are mostly unpredictable
Nonnormative Influence
True or False: the study of development is and should be purely objective
False, it cannot be avoided that developmental research can be subjective
John Locke believed that children are ____ upon which society writes
tabula rasa / blank slate
What kind of view on development states that children develop according to their own natural positive tendencies unless they are corrupted by society?
Active Development
What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?
Continuous is gradual and incremental and focuses on quantitative aspects. Discontinuous development is abrupt and even, it focuses on qualitative traits
This is the assumption that development is based solely on the hereditary and biological traits of an individual
Nature
What particular part of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is applied to developmental theories?
An organism’s adaptability in terms of physical and behavioral changes
G. Stanley Hall and his student ____ formulated The Normative Approach
Arnold Gesell
The Normative Approach used what aspect of nature to compute typical development?
Age
Using children’s profiles and evolutionary ideas, what were Hall and Gesell able to contribute to parents at the time?
They were able to explain what to expect from children during each stage of their development
What was the purpose of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
To detect learning problems in children
True or False: Binet and Simon’s work disagreed with The Normative Approach
False, they applied The Normative Approach in their studies
According to Freud, when children receive too little or too much gratification at a certain stage, they could develop ____ that may show up in their adult life
Fixations
Which stages of development are the most crucial according to Freud?
The first three
True or False: Contemporary psychoanalysts agree with Freud’s view on development
False, they disagree as it excludes other human motives aside from sexual and aggressive urges
Who pioneered the life-span perspective on development?
Erik Erikson
This theory requires a balance of the positive and negative tendencies in each stage of development, and a resolution to the crisis in each stage
Psychosocial Development
True or False: Somewhat some of the negative tendency is needed in each life stage
True, it is necessary for optimal development
True or False: Freud had a more optimistic perspective on development compared to Erikson
False, it was Erikson that believed development can turn around at any time for the better
Briefly explain the concept of the social clock
There is a conventional, culturally normative time for certain life events
This theory of behaviorism proved that a response can be trained through repeatedly associating it with a stimuli
Watson’s Classical Conditioning
Briefly explain B.F Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Individuals learn to behave in certain ways based on the consequences they associate with each action
Albert Bandura’s Term for bidirectional forces that affect development
Reciprocal Determinism
The Social Learning Theory states that behaviors are learned by ____ and ____
Observation and Imitation
This theory proposed that development is a product of children’s attempt to understand and act upon their world
Cognitive-stage Theory
According to Piaget, humans organize ideas and create systems of knowledge as we age and think with more complexity. The structure of this is called ____
Schema
Explain the 3 Zones of Proximal Development
Too Easy Zone: What one can do without help
Zone of Proximal Development: What one can do with help
Too hard Zone: Beyond one’s abilities
Proponent of the Sociocultural Theory
Lev Vygotsky
This is an approach to study development based on one’s mental processes when taking in new information
The Information Processing Approach
Why is Vygotsky’s work very impactful in the study of cognitive psychology?
He was able to create assessments that measured children’s learning potential and he also promoted self-regulation in order for children to improve academic achievement
This model contextualizes human development using five levels of developmental influence
Bronfrenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory
Wilson’s Sociobiological Perspective is heavily influenced by what other theory?
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
These are the psychological products of humans’ adaptation to environmental changes and natural selection
Cognitive Adaptations
What are the 4 steps to achieve the goals of psychology?
Description, Explanation, Prediction, Intervention
In how many sequences can a life develop according to Stage Theorists?
One
What do contemporary theorists say about paths of change that people can take?
It can be many, defined by unique and combined circumstances
