Experimental Psychology Midterms Flashcards by Emilia Mari M. Goyena

The degree of relationship between 2 traits, behaviors, or events

Correlation

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What are the purposes when measuring correlation?

To explore behaviors that are not yet understood
To study observable characteristics that can take on different values
To make predictions about behaviors

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Which levels of measurement can correlation be applied to?

Interval to Ratio level

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This is the coefficient that results from a statistical measure of correlation

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

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The statistical formulas for this type of correlation use a General Linear Model

Simple Correlation

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What are the 4 things correlation can determine?

Direction of relationship
Strength of relationship
Coefficient of determination
Scatterplot

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What is the difference between a negative and positive relationship?

Positive means as variable 1 increases, variable 2 also increases. Negative means as variable 1 increases, variable 2 decreases or vice versa

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True or False: the nearer the r is to 1, the weaker the relationship

False

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This is determined by r squared, it is the proportion of shared common variance between 2 variables

Coefficient of Determination

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This is a graphic representation of the relationship between 2 variables

Scatterplot

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True or False: a perfect correlation also indicates a causal relationship

False

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True or False: the regression line goes through most points on the graph

True

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This is the estimate of a score on one of the measured behaviors based on the score from the other

Linear Regression

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This is the mathematical equation that best describes the linear relationship between 2 scores

Regression Line

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This tests the relationship between 3 or more predictor variables with a criterion variable

Multiple Correlation

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This predicts the scores of criterion variables based on one variable from scores on sets of other predictor variables

Multiple Regression

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True or False: multiple regression only requires 1 predictor variable

False, it requires at least 2

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This shows the weight or degree of influence of each predictor variable

Beta Weights

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This is a multiple regression design where subjects are measured on several related behaviors and causal sequences for these behaviors are established

Path Analysis

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This multiple regression design measures several related characteristics on two separate points in time. It is based on correlation

Cross-lagged Panel Design

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These are study designs that resemble but are not classified as experimental designs

Quasi-experimental Designs

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True or False: random assignment is recommended for quasi-experimental studies

False, it is not possible to do random assignment

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What is the level of internal validity of quasi-experimental designs?

Low Internal Validity

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If experimental designs are based on controlled treatments, quasi designs are based on?

Pre-existing conditions/naturally occurring events

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If both quasi designs and correlation study different groups of subjects, how do they differ from each other?

Quasi designs focus on studying how results change over time in the same group, while correlation studies relationships and associations between them

This is a quasi-experimental design where subjects are grouped based on characteristics that already exist (i.e race, education)

Ex Post Facto Studies

In Ex Post Facto studies, experimenters can control who belong to the treatment groups

False

Why do quasi designs have low internal validity?

- No control over variables and antecedent conditions - Difficult to establish which preexisting conditions caused the results - Subject to the complex conditions in real life

This is a design where intact groups are studied and often they are differing in number

Non-equivalent Groups Design

How can the internal validity of a non-equivalent groups design be increased?

Make treatment groups as equal as possible

This design measures the same participants throughout time and studies how they change and develop

Longitudinal Design

This study measures different subject groups who are ate different stages in life

Cross-sectional Studies

This is a measurement of behavior before and after a treatment/intervention

Pretest/Posttest Design

This a 4-group design that aims to track changes with different application of pretest/treatment/posttest

Solomon 4-group Design

This is a statement about a predicted relationship between at least 2 variables

Hypothesis

What is the difference between a null and alternative hypothesis?

A null hypothesis is a prediction that an effect will not occur, while an alternative hypothesis states that an effect will be present

Why is there a need for null hypotheses?

Since we cannot prove an experimental hypothesis using statistics, we can reject the null one instead to support the experimental hypothesis

What is the difference between a directional and non-directional hypothesis?

Directional states that an effect will occur with the direction of that effect, while non-directional states that an effect will occur without specifying the direction

What is the difference between a synthetic and non-synthetic statement?

Synthetic statement is one that can be true or false, while a non-synthetic one is always true or always false, or contradictory

Aside from synthetic statements, what are the other characteristics of experimental hypotheses?

- Testable - Falsifiable - Parsimonious - Fruitful - Positive

In the hypothesis "If a, then b" , what are a and b?

Propositional variables

This approach to forming a hypotheses is when reasoning is based on specific cases to general principles

Inductive Model

This approach to forming a hypothesis is when reasoning is from theory to predict specific data or instances

Deductive Model

These variables are the antecedent conditions that we intentionally manipulate in experiments

Independent Variable (DV)

True or False: there only needs to be 1 level/form of IV in an experiment

False, there needs to be at least 2 levels

What are the types of IVs?

- Environmental (colors, music, temperature) - Task IVs - Psychological States - Set of Instructions - Psychological Interventions

These variables are the ones expected to change because of the experimental treatment

Dependent Variable (DV)

What are some methods of measuring the DV?

- Accuracy - Reaction Time - Duration - Frequency - Intensity - Presence/Absence - Type of response

This variable definition is precise and specific, including procedures and measurement

Operational Definition

This variable definition is the commonly accepted one, based on theories or existing literature

Conceptual Definition

This kind of operational definition describes exactly the specific behaviors recorded and how they were scored

Measured Operational Definition

This kind of operational definition described the steps that were followed to set up the value of the IV

Experimental Operational Definition

This is an aspect of reliability that emphasizes the similarity of results when measurement procedures are applied in more than one experiment

Consistency and Dependability

This aspect of reliability emphasizes the consistency of ratings/scores from different observers

Interrater Reliability

This aspect of reliability emphasizes the consistency of the scores of the same participant taken at different times

Test-Retest Reliability

This aspect of reliability refers to the extent to which different parts of the questionnaire, test or other instrument assesses the same variable with consistent results

Interitem Reliability

This is an aspect of validity that refers to how evident the variable that is being measured is from the instrument

Face Validity

This is an aspect of validity that refers to how accurately test items represent the components of the construct being studied

Content Validity

This is an aspect of validity that refers to how accurately the test predicts the behavior we are trying to measure

Predictive Validity

This is an aspect of validity that refers to how scores on the measuring instrument correlates with another known standard for the variable being studied

Concurrent Validity

This is an aspect of validity that refers to how well the operational definition of the variables matches the conceptual definition

Construct Validity

These are variables other than the IV or DV that can influence results if not controlled

Extraneous Variables

This is a threat to internal validity where external events may influence participants' scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment

History Threat

This is a threat to internal validity where internal changes (physical or psychological) in participants that occur during the study might affect their scores

Maturation Threat

This is a threat to internal validity where participants become familiar with the measure and remember responses in subsequent testing

Testing Effects

This is a threat to internal validity which is due to changes in the measurement instrument or measuring procedure

Instrumentation Threat

This is a threat to internal validity where participants selected on the basis of extreme scores on one measurement tend to be less extreme on a second measurement

Statistical Regression Threat

This is a threat to internal validity that occurs when subjects were not randomly assigned to the different conditions of an experiment

Selection Threat

This is a threat to internal validity where participants drop out during an experiment due to different reasons

Subject Mortality Threat

This is an extraneous variable that affects the environment of the testing conditions and need to be controlled

Physical Variables

This is a technique in controlling physical variables where it is completely removed

Elimination

This is a technique in controlling physical variables where they are set to be the same in all treatment conditions

Constancy of Conditions

This is a technique in controlling physical variables where the effects are distributed across different treatment conditions

Balancing

A type of extraneous variable that comes from the interaction between participants and experimenters that can affect results

Social Variables

This phenomenon is when participants behave in a way they believe is expected of them

The "good subject" phenomenon

This is a false explanation to disguise the actual research hypothesis to control demand characteristics

Cover Stories

This is an aspect of extraneous social variables where the experimenter's expectations affect their role in the experiment

Experimenter Bias

How can experimenter bias be controlled?

- Remain consistent with the standardized procedure - Minimal contact between experimenter and participant

This is a method to control experimenter bias where neither the participants and experimenters know which treatment condition the participant is receiving

Double Blind Experiment

This is an extraneous variable that comes from the different personal characteristics of experimenters and volunteer subjects

Personality Variables

This is an extraneous variable that comes from the experimental procedure created within the experimental setting

Context Variables

This is a type of design where subjects are randomly placed in each of 2 treatment conditions by random

Two independent-groups design

A type of two independent groups design where there is one group with a treatment condition and the other without

Experimental-Control Groups Design

A type of two independent groups design where two groups are exposed to two different values or levels of the IV

Two-Experimental-Groups Design

This is a type of design where there are 2 treatment conditions and subjects are matched based on a subject variable thought to be highly related to the DV

Two matched-group design

A type of design where there are more than 2 groups of subject and each group is run through different treatment conditions

Multiple groups design

A method of assigning subjects where a table is used in an unbiased way

Random Number Table

A method of assigning subjects where treatment blocks are created to assign the treatment

Block Randomization