Perception and Memory (PSYM207) Flashcards
The process of perceiving through the senses
Sensation
Set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from the environment
Perception
Awareness of 3-dimensionality, solidity, and the distance between the observer and the object
Depth Perception
Set of theories that explain perception starts with the stimuli we take into our eye, these are stimuli-driven
Bottom Up Theories
Gibson’s theory, explains that all the information in our sensory receptors, including sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything
Direct Perception
This refers to how our environment supplies us with all the information we need for perception, so there is no need for higher cognitive processes
Ecological Perception
These are theories that suggest we have stored templates in our mind and these are highly detailed models for patterns we could potentially recognize
Template Theories
True or False: Template theories support the idea that expertise can be acquired even just through storing information in short-term memory
False, when info is stored in the long term memory, one can master its recognition
This set of theories explain that we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to a whole template
Feature-Matching Theories
This theory explains our ability to perceive 3D objects with the help of simple geometric shapes
Recognition by Components Theory
This set of theories explains how the perceiver builds a cognitive understanding of stimuli and higher order thinking is needed for perception
Top Down Theories
This is an occurrence that suggests that what we sense in our sensory organs sometimes is not necessarily what we perceive
Perceptual Illusions
When does vision begin?
When light passes through the protective covering of the eye
This is the change in the direction and speed of the light entering the eyes
Refraction
This is a severe deficit in the ability to perceive sensory information
Agnosias
This is a disturbance in the temporal region of the cortex where an individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time
Simultagnosia
This is when an individual has a severely impaired ability to recognize human faces
Prosopagnosia
True or False: Anomalies in color perception are more common in men than women
True
This is when an individual is unable to perceive motion, it only appears as a series of snapshots
Akinetopsia
Who pioneered the Traditional Memory Model?
William James
Primary Memory: _____ memory ; Secondary Memory: _____ memory
Temporary, Permanent
In the Traditional Memory Model, what are the 3 main memory stores?
Sensory store (can store a limited amount of info for a brief span of time)
Short-term store (can store info for a longer period but limited capacity)
Long-term store (large capacity, can store info for very long periods)
This is a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for a very short period of time, it can only hold 9-12 symbols
Iconic Store
This is when the production of output interferes with the phenomenon being studied (i.e verbally reporting multiple symbols may interfere with the reports of iconic memory)
Fading Phenomenon
In the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model, this is where info is stored in the long term
Permastore
These are the 3 main sequential stages of memory processes
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What is the difference between Short-term storage and Long-term storage of memory?
- Short term stores more acoustic info, while long term stores semantic info
- STM can retain visual info for 1.5 seconds and is vulnerable to decay, while LTM can remember words and meanings for a long time
This is when we reflect on our own memory
Metamemory
This is the process of integrating new information to stored information
Consolidation
Memory rehearsal by _____ discusses how the distribution of practice sessions over time makes memories stronger
Ebbinghaus
What is the difference between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal?
Elaborative - items to be remembered are elaborated
Maintenance - items are repeated over and over
What is the difference between overt and covert rehearsal?
Overt - aloud and obvious
Covert - silent and hidden
What is the difference between retrospective memory and prospective memory?
Retrospective - memories from the past
Prospective - memories for the things we need to remember about the future
What is the difference between parallel and serial processing?
Parallel - memory is retrieved by simultaneous handling of multiple operations
Serial - memory is retrieved one after another in succession
A form of information recall where memories are retrieved through cues
Cued Recall
A form of information recall where the most memories are retrieved in any order
Free Recall
What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference in memory distortion?
Retroactive - distortion is caused by activity after learning info, but before recall
Proactive - distortion is caused by activity before learning the information
This theory says that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance rather than the displacement of the memory trace
Decay Theory
These memories are those that have been pushed down to the unconscious because of the distress they cause
Repressed memories
These memories are of an event so powerful and remembered so vividly. This might be because of the emotional intensity, moods, and states of consciousness
Flashbulb memories
In the Integrative Memory Model, this part holds the most recently activated portion of long term memory, and moves elements in and out of temporary memory
Working Memory
This part of the Integrative Memory Model briefly holds visual images
Visuospatial Sketchpad
This part of the Integrative Memory Model briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and acoustic rehearsal
Phonological Loop
