Early Childhood

Question 1

What does the ZPD by Vygotsky say about Early Childhood Learning?

Answer 1

Children must first be guided, possibly through dynamic testing, to effectively learn skills and tasks in the ZPD. Once they have learned, assistance can be removed and they can conduct activities on their own.

Question 2

What is the Theory of Mind?

Answer 2

Awareness and understanding of
the broad range of mental states beliefs, intents, desires, dreams, and understanding of others’ minds. Distinguishing between appearance and reality. Distinguishing between
fantasy and reality.

Question 3

What are factors that contribute to children’s Theory of Mind?

Answer 3

• Social Competence
• Executive Function
• Language Ability & Culture

Question 4

A process in which children quickly pick up the meaning of words after hearing it in conversation

Answer 4

Fast-mapping

Question 5

What is overregularization of language in children?

Answer 5

It is the misapplication of language rules to other words and phrases

Question 6

What are the 3 types of memory storage according to the Information Processing Theory? Explain

Answer 6

• Sensory Memory
• Working Memory
• Long-term Memory

Question 7

True or False: Conversating with oneself is unnatural in early childhood

Answer 7

False, it is normal and common and seen as egocentric speech by Piaget

Question 8

What is emergent literacy and how is it developed?

Answer 8

Emergent literacy is pre-schoolers development of attitude and skills that underlie reading and writing. Consistent social interaction and reading can help improve literacy.

Question 9

How does the psychosocial readiness of a child affect their learning?

Answer 9

Children that are emotionally and socially well-adjusted to schools have a stronger chance at performing well in academics.

Question 10

What is the Montessori method in pre-schooling?

Answer 10

Based on the belief that children’s natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects.

Question 11

What is the Reggio Emilia approach to pre-schooling?

Answer 11

More informal, flexible and intuitive. It is based on following children’s interests through words, movement, play and music.

Question 12

True or False: In Early Childhood, one can already distinguish the real self from their ideal self

Answer 12

False, at this age, children cannot differentiate the two

Question 13

True or False: A child’s self-concept changes at 5-7 years old

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What is the difference between Contingent and Non-contingent Self-esteem?

Answer 14

A contingent self-esteem is dependent on success and may lead to an attitude of helplessness where the child gives up after one failure. Non-contingent self-esteem is the attributing of failure to external factors and the need to try harder; this makes kids believe that they can succeed if they try harder, enjoy challenges and have faith in their ability to succeed.

Question 15

How do parent feedback and recognition affect self-esteem?

Answer 15

Very uncritical feedback may lead to an unrealistic or overly positive self-esteem. Generic compliments that do not specify which part was done well can also steer away from non-contingent self-esteem. Non-generic praise preserve mastery.

Question 16

What is emotional understanding?

Answer 16

Expression of feelings and appropriately responding to others’ emotional signals

Question 17

How can parents help children overcome fears?

Answer 17

Parents can instill a sense of trust
and normal caution without being
too protective – overcome own
unrealistic fears and model positive
behaviors in the presence of feared
objects

Question 18

How can parents initiate healthy communication of emotions?

Answer 18

Often label and identify emotions correctly, especially with words. Do not avoid conversations about negative emotions and experiences, they lead to maturation of communication skills.

Question 19

Which level of the mind according to Freud adapts gender and moral standards?

Answer 19

Superego

Question 20

What is the difference between predominantly developing initiative versus guilt?

Answer 20

Initiative - children develop purpose, self-confidence, and have better emotional regulation, social skills and morality
Guilt - develop inhibition and hesitation to master new tasks

Question 21

True or False: Only-children are more likely to attain academic success, higher self-esteem and higher motivation to achieve

Answer 21

True

Question 22

These are methods of molding character that teach children self-regulation and how to practice acceptable behavior

Answer 22

Discipline

Question 23

True or False: Children’s morality is more likely to be adopted from their opposite sex parent

Answer 23

False, they adopt morality most often from the same sex parent

Question 24

Which level of mind’s urges do children obey to avoid guilt?

Answer 24

Superego

Question 25

True or False: Most researchers agree with Freud's views of conscious development that fear of punishment motivates moral behavior and obedience

Answer 25

False, children are more likely to violate standards and feel little guilt when threatened with punishment. It can lead to self-blame denying of guilt, thus weakening their conscience

Question 26

What are some of the negative effects of punishment?

Answer 26

- Physical punishment models aggression - Development of a chronic sense of being personally threatened - Avoidance of punitive parent - May lead to serious abuse with greater frequency over time

Question 27

What are some alternatives to harsh punishment? How can they be more effective?

Answer 27

- Time outs - Withdrawal of privileges Alternatives can be more efficient through: Explanations, Consistency, Warm parent-chold relationship -

Question 28

How does the Cognitive-Developmental perspective view children's morality?

Answer 28

- Children are active thinkers about social rules and have moral judgment - They are aware that people with bad intentions deserve punishment over those with good intentions - They are aware of the differences in rules (social conventions, moral imperative, personal choice) - Children are rigid in judgement

Question 29

What are the types of aggression developed in children?

Answer 29

Reactive - angry and defensive response to provocation Proactive - acting on their own desire or goal to unemotionally attack or hurt others

Question 30

What are the effects on a child when their brain myelinates their corpus collum?

Answer 30

Improved senses, Improved attention, speech and hearing

Question 31

True or False: If a child is left-handed, their left cerebral hemisphere is dominant

Answer 31

False, it is the opposite (their right)

Question 32

What did Piaget encourage in education?

Answer 32

- Letting children have unique and spontaneous discoveries - Accommodating children's individual differences in learning pace - Being sensitive to children's readiness to learn