Early Childhood Flashcards
What does the ZPD by Vygotsky say about Early Childhood Learning?
Children must first be guided, possibly through dynamic testing, to effectively learn skills and tasks in the ZPD. Once they have learned, assistance can be removed and they can conduct activities on their own.
What is the Theory of Mind?
Awareness and understanding of
the broad range of mental states beliefs, intents, desires, dreams, and understanding of others’ minds. Distinguishing between appearance and reality. Distinguishing between
fantasy and reality.
What are factors that contribute to children’s Theory of Mind?
- Social Competence
- Executive Function
- Language Ability & Culture
A process in which children quickly pick up the meaning of words after hearing it in conversation
Fast-mapping
What is overregularization of language in children?
It is the misapplication of language rules to other words and phrases
What are the 3 types of memory storage according to the Information Processing Theory? Explain
- Sensory Memory
- Working Memory
- Long-term Memory
True or False: Conversating with oneself is unnatural in early childhood
False, it is normal and common and seen as egocentric speech by Piaget
What is emergent literacy and how is it developed?
Emergent literacy is pre-schoolers development of attitude and skills that underlie reading and writing. Consistent social interaction and reading can help improve literacy.
How does the psychosocial readiness of a child affect their learning?
Children that are emotionally and socially well-adjusted to schools have a stronger chance at performing well in academics.
What is the Montessori method in pre-schooling?
Based on the belief that children’s natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects.
What is the Reggio Emilia approach to pre-schooling?
More informal, flexible and intuitive. It is based on following children’s interests through words, movement, play and music.
True or False: In Early Childhood, one can already distinguish the real self from their ideal self
False, at this age, children cannot differentiate the two
True or False: A child’s self-concept changes at 5-7 years old
True
What is the difference between Contingent and Non-contingent Self-esteem?
A contingent self-esteem is dependent on success and may lead to an attitude of helplessness where the child gives up after one failure. Non-contingent self-esteem is the attributing of failure to external factors and the need to try harder; this makes kids believe that they can succeed if they try harder, enjoy challenges and have faith in their ability to succeed.
How do parent feedback and recognition affect self-esteem?
Very uncritical feedback may lead to an unrealistic or overly positive self-esteem. Generic compliments that do not specify which part was done well can also steer away from non-contingent self-esteem. Non-generic praise preserve mastery.
What is emotional understanding?
Expression of feelings and appropriately responding to others’ emotional signals
How can parents help children overcome fears?
Parents can instill a sense of trust
and normal caution without being
too protective – overcome own
unrealistic fears and model positive
behaviors in the presence of feared
objects
How can parents initiate healthy communication of emotions?
Often label and identify emotions correctly, especially with words. Do not avoid conversations about negative emotions and experiences, they lead to maturation of communication skills.
Which level of the mind according to Freud adapts gender and moral standards?
Superego
What is the difference between predominantly developing initiative versus guilt?
Initiative - children develop purpose, self-confidence, and have better emotional regulation, social skills and morality
Guilt - develop inhibition and hesitation to master new tasks
True or False: Only-children are more likely to attain academic success, higher self-esteem and higher motivation to achieve
True
These are methods of molding character that teach children self-regulation and how to practice acceptable behavior
Discipline
True or False: Children’s morality is more likely to be adopted from their opposite sex parent
False, they adopt morality most often from the same sex parent
Which level of mind’s urges do children obey to avoid guilt?
Superego
True or False: Most researchers agree with Freud’s views of conscious development that fear of punishment motivates moral behavior and obedience
False, children are more likely to violate standards and feel little guilt when threatened with punishment. It can lead to self-blame denying of guilt, thus weakening their conscience
What are some of the negative effects of punishment?
- Physical punishment models aggression
- Development of a chronic sense of being
personally threatened - Avoidance of punitive parent
- May lead to serious abuse with greater frequency over time
What are some alternatives to harsh punishment? How can they be more effective?
- Time outs
- Withdrawal of privileges
Alternatives can be more efficient through: Explanations, Consistency, Warm parent-chold relationship
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How does the Cognitive-Developmental perspective view children’s morality?
- Children are active thinkers about social rules and have moral judgment
- They are aware that people with bad intentions deserve punishment over those with good intentions
- They are aware of the differences in rules (social conventions, moral imperative, personal choice)
- Children are rigid in judgement
What are the types of aggression developed in children?
Reactive - angry and defensive response to provocation
Proactive - acting on their own desire or goal to unemotionally attack or hurt others
What are the effects on a child when their brain myelinates their corpus collum?
Improved senses, Improved attention, speech and hearing
True or False: If a child is left-handed, their left cerebral hemisphere is dominant
False, it is the opposite (their right)
What did Piaget encourage in education?
- Letting children have unique and spontaneous discoveries
- Accommodating children’s individual differences in learning pace
- Being sensitive to children’s readiness to learn
