Adolescence

Question 1

True or False: The conception and time span of adolescence is mostly a social construct based on different cultures

Answer 1

True

Question 2

These are the 2 broad types of biological pubertal changes

Answer 2

• Overall body growth
• Maturation of sexual characteristics

Question 3

What hormone released in boys does the lutenizing hormone (LH) stimulate?

Answer 3

Testosterone

Question 4

Follicle-stimulating hormone begins what reproductive cycle in girls?

Answer 4

Menstruation

Question 5

These are the 2 basic stages of puberty

Answer 5

• Andrenarche (6-8 yrs old, not much change)
• Gondanarche (maturation of sex organs)

Question 6

True or False: Similar to childhood, physical growth in puberty is cephalocaudal

Answer 6

False, it follows reverse cephalocaudal where the hands and feet grow first

Question 7

This is the first sign of puberty and is the rapid growth in height and weight

Answer 7

Growth spurt

Question 8

The first menstruation

Answer 8

Menarche

Question 9

The first ejaculation, usually in nocturnal state

Answer 9

Spermarche

Question 10

True or False: the lessening in density of gray matter in adolescence makes thinking more efficient

Answer 10

True

Question 11

With the increase of white matter, what is improved in one’s mental processes?

Answer 11

Faster transmission of information

Question 12

True or False: Teens’ brain components now allow them to make long-term plans and focus on meeting these goals

Answer 12

False, the adolescent brain is still not fully developed and teens struggle to make long-term goals. They also focus more in seeking novelty, excitement and risk

Question 13

Why do teens often sleep much later in their adolescent years?

Answer 13

Melatonin is secreted later in the night compared to in childhood

Question 14

What are the consequences of sleep deprivation?

Answer 14

• Decline in executive functioning
• Lessening of cognitive and emotional self-regulation

Question 15

What are factors that contribute to adolescent moodiness?

Answer 15

• High pubertal hormones
• Unfamiliar and negative life events (and how teens react to them)

Question 16

True or False: The older an adolescent is, the more stable their moods become

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What are some of the causes of parent-child conflict in adolescence?

Answer 17

• Setting of rules
• More restrictions (esp. for girls)
• Large distance in perspective between parent and child

Question 18

This is the descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one’s appearance and is a large predictor of self-esteem

Answer 18

Body Image

Question 19

Which between early and late maturing boys and girls are more favored at their age?

Answer 19

Early maturing boys and late maturing girls are favored, while their opposite are usually unpopular

Question 20

Early menstruating girls are vulnerable to iron deficiency which may lead to ____?

Answer 20

Anemia

Question 21

What are the factors that may cause more overweight and obese teens?

Answer 21

• Sedentary/inactive lifestyle
• Mass production and consumption of animal fat and protein
• Refined and added grains
• Economic growth and urbanization
• Dieting

Question 22

True or False: Boys tend to be more satisfied with their body than girls

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False: Almost all teen girls of all weights experience some form of body dissatisfaction

Answer 23

True

Question 24

An eating disorder where a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and purges the body through laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise

Answer 24

Bulimia Nervosa

Question 25

An eating disorder where one starves themselves with the debilitating fear of gaining weight

Answer 25

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 26

These are activities that teens experiment on to satisfy curiosity and to seek sensation. They may lead to more dangerous consequences later on

Answer 26

Vices (drugs, alcohol, smoking etc.)

Question 27

True or False: The more that parents talk about sex with their teenage children, the more will they will riskfully engage in it

Answer 27

False, A warm, open, give-and-take conversation between parents and child is associated with reduced sexual risk-taking,

Question 28

What are the negative effects of teenage pregnancy?

Answer 28

- Unhealthy diet of mother - Little to no prenatal care - Birthing complications (LBW etc.) - Intergenerational transmission

Question 29

What are some effective sex education programs?

Answer 29

* Teach techniques for handling (refusal skills and communication skills use of contraceptives) sexual situations * Delivery of clear, accurate messages appropriate to teens’ culture and sexual experiences * Last long enough to have impact * Provide specific information about contraceptives and access to them

Question 30

What are some of the psychological interventions teens may receive when having issues in adolescence?

Answer 30

- Psychotherapy - Family therapy - Medications/drugs - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - Hospitalization

Question 31

What are some of the psychosocial factors that increase teens' suicidal tendencies?

Answer 31

Low self-esteem, poor impulse control, low tolerance for frustration and stress, alienated from their social circles, have a history of suicide, abused substances

Question 32

This is Piaget's term for one's ability to develop, consider, and test hypothesis

Answer 32

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

Question 33

Adolescent’s ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) without referring to real-world circumstances.

Answer 33

Propositional Thought

Question 34

What are some of the improvements in teens' cognition according to the Information Processing Approach?

Answer 34

* Working memory increases * Inhibition improves * Attention becomes more selective and flexible * Planning on complex tasks becomes more organized and efficient * Knowledge increases * Metacognition expands leading to effective strategies (improving storage, representation, etc.) * Cognitive-self regulation yields better moment-by-moment monitoring, evaluation, and redirection

Question 35

This when a teen coordinates theory with evidence with the help of their working memory and metacognition

Answer 35

Scientific Reasoning

Question 36

These are some aspects of adolescent thought that still may remain immature

Answer 36

- Idealism and Handling Criticism - Decision-making - Self-consciousness and self-focusing

Question 37

This is the coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which a person is solidly committed

Answer 37

Identity

Question 38

What is the goal in the fifth stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages?

Answer 38

One must develop a sense of self or identity and have a resolution to role confusion. One must learn their role in society and how to develop fidelity and belonging

Question 39

These are new aspects of self-evaluation the emerge in adolescence for one to develop their self-esteem

Answer 39

- Relationships (friendships, romance) - Job Competence - Academics - Peer Acceptance - Gender - Culture

Question 40

James Marcia's Identity Status: Achievement: ____ commitment, ____ exploration Moratorium: ____ commitment, ____ exploration Diffusion: ____ commitment, ____ exploration Foreclosure: ____ commitment, ____ exploration

Answer 40

Achievement: high commitment, high exploration Moratorium: low commitment, high exploration Diffusion: no commitment, no exploration Foreclosure: high commitment, low exploration

Question 41

What are some influences on Identity Development?

Answer 41

- Identity Status - Family (healthy individuation) - Peer Diversity - Educational Opportunities - SES - Culture (Individualistic, Interdependent)

Question 42

True or False: There is no biological difference between individuals of different sexual orientations

Answer 42

False, there is a difference in the size of the hypothalamus and how they react to odor etc.

Question 43

This is an adolescents’ struggle for autonomy and personal authority in their family

Answer 43

Individuation

Question 44

True or False: Sibling relationships become more equal in adolescence

Answer 44

True

Question 45

This is also where adolescents set up their autonomy and receive affection, understanding and moral guidance

Answer 45

Peers

Question 46

What are some of the benefits of teens having high-quality friendships?

Answer 46

- Better cognitive and emotional development - Higher opinion of self - School competence - Lesser experience of negative emotions

Question 47

True or False: 1 in 10 teens experience abuse in romantic relationships

Answer 47

False, it is more common, with 1 in 3 experiencing abuse

Question 48

What is the brief idea of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Understanding?

Answer 48

It pertains to how the value of laws sometimes overrides the value of human life. It emphasized that the way one reasons about a moral dilemma and not the content of the response is what determines moral maturity

Question 49

What are the 3 main stages of Moral Understanding based on Kohlberg and how do they differ?

Answer 49

Pre-conventional (3-7 yrs) - external rules, concept of avoiding punishment and receiving rewards Conventional (8-13 yrs) - conformity to social rules, paying attention to authority, understanding moral reciprocity Post-conventional (14 yrs onward) - following personal principle and ethics, moral reasoning based on individual rights and own judgement

Question 50

What are some influences on one's moral reasoning?

Answer 50

- Parenting Practices - Peer interaction - Schooling - Culture