Adolescence Flashcards
True or False: The conception and time span of adolescence is mostly a social construct based on different cultures
True
These are the 2 broad types of biological pubertal changes
- Overall body growth
- Maturation of sexual characteristics
What hormone released in boys does the lutenizing hormone (LH) stimulate?
Testosterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone begins what reproductive cycle in girls?
Menstruation
These are the 2 basic stages of puberty
- Andrenarche (6-8 yrs old, not much change)
- Gondanarche (maturation of sex organs)
True or False: Similar to childhood, physical growth in puberty is cephalocaudal
False, it follows reverse cephalocaudal where the hands and feet grow first
This is the first sign of puberty and is the rapid growth in height and weight
Growth spurt
The first menstruation
Menarche
The first ejaculation, usually in nocturnal state
Spermarche
True or False: the lessening in density of gray matter in adolescence makes thinking more efficient
True
With the increase of white matter, what is improved in one’s mental processes?
Faster transmission of information
True or False: Teens’ brain components now allow them to make long-term plans and focus on meeting these goals
False, the adolescent brain is still not fully developed and teens struggle to make long-term goals. They also focus more in seeking novelty, excitement and risk
Why do teens often sleep much later in their adolescent years?
Melatonin is secreted later in the night compared to in childhood
What are the consequences of sleep deprivation?
- Decline in executive functioning
- Lessening of cognitive and emotional self-regulation
What are factors that contribute to adolescent moodiness?
- High pubertal hormones
- Unfamiliar and negative life events (and how teens react to them)
True or False: The older an adolescent is, the more stable their moods become
True
What are some of the causes of parent-child conflict in adolescence?
- Setting of rules
- More restrictions (esp. for girls)
- Large distance in perspective between parent and child
This is the descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one’s appearance and is a large predictor of self-esteem
Body Image
Which between early and late maturing boys and girls are more favored at their age?
Early maturing boys and late maturing girls are favored, while their opposite are usually unpopular
Early menstruating girls are vulnerable to iron deficiency which may lead to ____?
Anemia
What are the factors that may cause more overweight and obese teens?
- Sedentary/inactive lifestyle
- Mass production and consumption of animal fat and protein
- Refined and added grains
- Economic growth and urbanization
- Dieting
True or False: Boys tend to be more satisfied with their body than girls
True
True or False: Almost all teen girls of all weights experience some form of body dissatisfaction
True
An eating disorder where a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and purges the body through laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder where one starves themselves with the debilitating fear of gaining weight
Anorexia Nervosa
These are activities that teens experiment on to satisfy curiosity and to seek sensation. They may lead to more dangerous consequences later on
Vices (drugs, alcohol, smoking etc.)
True or False: The more that parents talk about sex with their teenage children, the more will they will riskfully engage in it
False, A warm, open, give-and-take conversation between parents and child is associated with reduced sexual risk-taking,
What are the negative effects of teenage pregnancy?
- Unhealthy diet of mother
- Little to no prenatal care
- Birthing complications (LBW etc.)
- Intergenerational transmission
What are some effective sex education programs?
- Teach techniques for handling (refusal skills and communication skills use of contraceptives) sexual situations
- Delivery of clear, accurate messages appropriate to teens’ culture and sexual experiences
- Last long enough to have impact
- Provide specific information about contraceptives and access to them
What are some of the psychological interventions teens may receive when having issues in adolescence?
- Psychotherapy
- Family therapy
- Medications/drugs
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Hospitalization
What are some of the psychosocial factors that increase teens’ suicidal tendencies?
Low self-esteem, poor impulse control, low tolerance for frustration and stress, alienated from their social circles, have a history of suicide, abused substances
This is Piaget’s term for one’s ability to develop, consider, and test hypothesis
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Adolescent’s ability to evaluate the logic of
propositions (verbal statements) without
referring to real-world circumstances.
Propositional Thought
What are some of the improvements in teens’ cognition according to the Information Processing Approach?
- Working memory increases
- Inhibition improves
- Attention becomes more selective and flexible
- Planning on complex tasks becomes more organized and efficient
- Knowledge increases
- Metacognition expands leading to effective
strategies (improving storage, representation, etc.) - Cognitive-self regulation yields better moment-by-moment monitoring, evaluation, and redirection
This when a teen coordinates theory with evidence with the help of their working memory and metacognition
Scientific Reasoning
These are some aspects of adolescent thought that still may remain immature
- Idealism and Handling Criticism
- Decision-making
- Self-consciousness and self-focusing
This is the coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which a person is solidly committed
Identity
What is the goal in the fifth stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial stages?
One must develop a sense of self or identity and have a resolution to role confusion. One must learn their role in society and how to develop fidelity and belonging
These are new aspects of self-evaluation the emerge in adolescence for one to develop their self-esteem
- Relationships (friendships, romance)
- Job Competence
- Academics
- Peer Acceptance
- Gender
- Culture
James Marcia’s Identity Status:
Achievement: ____ commitment, ____ exploration
Moratorium: ____ commitment, ____ exploration
Diffusion: ____ commitment, ____ exploration
Foreclosure: ____ commitment, ____ exploration
Achievement: high commitment, high exploration
Moratorium: low commitment, high exploration
Diffusion: no commitment, no exploration
Foreclosure: high commitment, low exploration
What are some influences on Identity Development?
- Identity Status
- Family (healthy individuation)
- Peer Diversity
- Educational Opportunities
- SES
- Culture (Individualistic, Interdependent)
True or False: There is no biological difference between individuals of different sexual orientations
False, there is a difference in the size of the hypothalamus and how they react to odor etc.
This is an adolescents’ struggle for autonomy and personal authority in their family
Individuation
True or False: Sibling relationships become more equal in adolescence
True
This is also where adolescents set up their autonomy and receive affection, understanding and moral guidance
Peers
What are some of the benefits of teens having high-quality friendships?
- Better cognitive and emotional development
- Higher opinion of self
- School competence
- Lesser experience of negative emotions
True or False: 1 in 10 teens experience abuse in romantic relationships
False, it is more common, with 1 in 3 experiencing abuse
What is the brief idea of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Understanding?
It pertains to how the value of laws sometimes overrides the value of human life. It emphasized that the way one reasons about a moral dilemma and not the content of the response is what determines moral maturity
What are the 3 main stages of Moral Understanding based on Kohlberg and how do they differ?
Pre-conventional (3-7 yrs) - external rules, concept of avoiding punishment and receiving rewards
Conventional (8-13 yrs) - conformity to social rules, paying attention to authority, understanding moral reciprocity
Post-conventional (14 yrs onward) - following personal principle and ethics, moral reasoning based on individual rights and own judgement
What are some influences on one’s moral reasoning?
- Parenting Practices
- Peer interaction
- Schooling
- Culture
