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Physiology > Principles > Flashcards

Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the term tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

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2
Q

What is meant by the term organ?

A

Made up of two or more types of primary tissue that function together to perform particular functions

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3
Q

What is mean by the term ‘body system’?

A

A group of organs that perform related functions and work to achieve common goals

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4
Q

Define the term ‘homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of steady states within our bodies by coordinated physiological mechanisms. Essential for survival.

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5
Q

What is a feedforward control system?

A

Responses made in anticipation of change.

Usually act in combination with negative feedback.

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6
Q

What is a feedback control system?

A

Responses made after change

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7
Q

What is the two types of feedback system?

A

Negative

Positive

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8
Q

What is the main type of homeostatic control?

A

Negative feedbac=promote stability through closed loop

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9
Q

Give an example of negative feedback

A

Control of blood pressure

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10
Q

What are the stages of a negative feedback system?

A
  1. Deviation on controlled variable from the norm
  2. Sensor
  3. Control Centre
  4. Effector
  5. Compensatory response
  6. Restoration of controlled variable to normal
  7. Negative feedback shut off the system responsible for the response
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11
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Amplifies initial change

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12
Q

Give an example of positve feedback

A

Uterine contractions during labor become stronger until the birth of a baby

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13
Q

What are the consequences of a disruption in homeostasis?

A

Disease and death

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14
Q

Why is cholesterol important in a membrane?

A

Provides fluidity and stablitliy

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15
Q

What are the three types of proteins in a membrane?

A

Integral, transmembrane and peripheral

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16
Q

What is an intergral protein?

A

One embedded in the membrane ie receptor

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17
Q

What is a transmembrane protein?

A

One that is across the membrane eg channels

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18
Q

What is a peripheral protein

A

One that is not actually part of the membrane eg enzymes

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19
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

The combination of glycoproteins and glycolipids

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20
Q

Name examples of cell adhesion molecules?

A

cadherins

integrins

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21
Q

What do carbohydrates on the cell membrane do?

A

Act as self identity markers- identifies self and interacts with other cells

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22
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

Adhering junction that anchors cells together

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23
Q

What is a tight junction>

A

Lateral edges of epithelial cells near their lumenal (apical) membranes

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24
Q

What is a gap junction

A

communicating junctions that allow the movement of charged ions and small molecules between two adjacent cells

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25
Q

What is Fick’s law of diffusion?

A

Several factors infuence the rate of diffusion:
1. magnitude of the concentration gradient
2.surface area of the membrane
3 lipid solubilty
4. molecular weight
5.distance

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26
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Water channels

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27
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

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28
Q

What is tonicity?

A

the effect a solution has on a cell volumes eg iso, hypo or hypertonic

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29
Q

What osmolaroty are body fluids?

A

around about 300 mOsm

30
Q

What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

A

Facilitate diffusion uses a carrier to transfer from high to low conc (not energy requiring) where as active transport requires a transporter to transfer from a low to high conc.

31
Q

How many sodiums are transported out of the cells in the sodium potassium pump>

A

three

32
Q

How many potassiums enter the cell in the sodium potassium pump?

A

two

33
Q

Name the two types of secondary active transport?

A

Symport

Antiport

34
Q

What is symport?

A

The solute moves in same direction as the sodium

35
Q

What is antiport?

A

The solute mover in opposite directions to sodium

36
Q

What are the three important aspects of carrier mediated transport?

A

Specificity
Saturation
Competition

37
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

Separation of opposite charges across the membrane

38
Q

What is the sodium concentration outwith the cell?

A

150 mM

39
Q

What is the intracellular sodium conc

A

15 mM

40
Q

What is the extracellular potassium conc

A

5mM

41
Q

what is the intracellular potassium conc

A

150mM

42
Q

What is the extracellular A- conc

A

0

43
Q

What is the intracelullar A- conc

A

65mM

44
Q

What is the extracellular chloride conc?

A

110mM

45
Q

What is the intracellular conc of chlorine?

A

7nM

46
Q

What is the relative permeability of sodium?

A

1

47
Q

What is the relative permeabilty of potassium?

A

100

48
Q

What is the membrane potential at Ek?

A

-90mV

49
Q

What is the Nernst equation?

A

Ek= 61log(ion outside the cell/ion inside the cell)

50
Q

What is the value of Ena?

A

+61mV

51
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

52
Q

What is the resting membrane potential using goldman-hodgkin-katz equation?

A

-83mV

53
Q

What hormone regulate glucose during starvation?

A 
Cortisol (adrenal) 
Growth hormone (pituitary)
54
Q

What hormone regulate glucose in emergencies?

A

Adrenaline (adrenal gland)

55
Q

What hormone regulate glucose normally?

A

Glucagon and insulin (pancreas)

56
Q

Which cells release glucagon?

A

alpha cells in islets of langerhans

57
Q

Which cells release insulin?

A

beta cells of islets of langerhans

58
Q

WHat three things does insulin do?

A

Stimilates uptake if glucose into cells.
Activates liver enzymes to convert glucose to glycogen.
Promotes incorporation of amino acids into protein in muscle and promotes lipogenesis.

59
Q

How does insulin promote glucose uptake?

A

causes the insertion of GLUT 4 proteins into cell membrane

60
Q

What causes insulin production to increase?

A

Increased glucose
increased amino acids
increased parasympathetic stimulation
increase glucagon

61
Q

What causes inhibiting insulin

A

decreased glucose

increase sympathetic drive

62
Q

What happens in diabetes?

A

Glucose very high but cells cant use. Use lipolysis to generate energy/ Increases acetyl coA. Cant use excess so forms ketones. Metabolic acidosis and compensatory hyperventilation.

63
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A
  1. No insulin produced

2. Enough insulin- cells no longer sensitive to insulin

64
Q

What are the actions of glucagon?

A

Increase liver glycogenolysis.
Inhibit glycogen synthesis.
Promote liver gluconeogenesis.
Promotes lipolysis.

65
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone durign starvation state?

A

Decreases glucose uptake in cells.
Mobilises glucose from the liver
Promotes lipolysis.

66
Q

What is normothermia?

A

Normal core body temperature

67
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

minimum energy required to sustain vital body functions

68
Q

what activates the posterior hypothalmic centre

A

cold

69
Q

what activates the anterior hypothalamic centre?

A

warmth

70
Q

What is an endogenou pyrogen?

A

Released by macrophages in repose to infectio or inflammation- stimulate prostaglandidn release in the hypothalmus

71
Q

WHat do protstaglandins do?

A

Initiate ‘cold response’ to heat the body which results in fever ie resets the normal hypothalamic thermic set point

Physiology (17 decks)

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