Cardiology: Pulmonary and Systemic Oedema

Question 1

What makes up your extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

The interstitial fluid and the plasma fluid (in blood)

Question 2

What is the function of your interstitial fluid?

Answer 2

The ‘go between’ body cells and the blood

Question 3

What vessel regulates blood flow to the capillary bed?

Answer 3

Arterioles

Question 4

What regulates flow in mesentary to the capillaries?

Answer 4

Precapillary sphincters

Question 5

What passes throught the endothelium cells ?

Answer 5

Lipid soluble substances

Question 6

What passes through the pores in the endothelium?

Answer 6

Water soluble substance

Question 7

What is ultrafilration?

Answer 7

Exchanges across the capillary wall of protien free plasmanfluid

Question 8

How is net filtration pressure measured?

Answer 8

Forces favouring filtration- forces opposing filtration

Question 9

What forces governs ultra filtration from capillary to the interstitium?

Answer 9

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 10

Which force opposes filtration?

Answer 10

Capillary osmotic pressure

Question 11

Why is the NFP at the arteriolar end higher than at the venule end?

Answer 11

Arteriole favours ultra filtration

Venule favours reabsoption

Question 12

How is excess fluid returned to the circulation?

Answer 12

Via the lymph

Question 13

What is significant about pulmonary hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 13

It is very low

Question 14

What is oedema?

Answer 14

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

Question 15

What is pulmonary oedema?

Answer 15

Accumuation of fluid in the lung interstitium resulting in gas exchange compromise

Question 16

What can cause oedema in the lungs?

Answer 16

Raised capillary pressure
Reduced plasma osmotic pressure
Lymohatic insufficiency
Changes in permeability

Question 17

When does raised cap pressure ocure?

Answer 17

Arteriolar dilation
Raised venous pressure eg:
LVF- pulmonary
RVF- peripheral oedema
Prolonged standing- swollen ankles

Question 18

When do reduced plasma proteins occure?

Answer 18

Malnutrition and malabsoprtion
Excess renal excretion e/g nephrotic syndrome
hepatic failure

Question 19

What plasma protein level causes oedema?

Answer 19

Less than 30g/l

Question 20

What can cause lymphatic insufficiency?

Answer 20

Filariasis- elephantiasis

Lymph node damage

Question 21

What can cause changes in the capillary permeabliltiy?

Answer 21

Inflammation

Histamine - increases protein leakage