Principle Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

Plasma concentration at which a drug exerts its desired effect

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2
Q

Dosage Regimen

A

●The amount, route, frequency, and duration of drug administration
●Determines the amount of drug being administered to an animal, based on:
1. Dose
2. Dosage interval

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3
Q

Route of Administration

A

●Drugs must be administered in a form and by a route that will allow them to reach their target site in the body
–Topical
–Oral
–Inhalation
–Parenteral

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Sequence of events that occur once a drug is administered
1. Drug Absorption: Drug is absorbed into the bloodstream
2. Drug Distribution: After absorption there is distribution to body fluids and tissues, including target tissue
3. Drug Metabolism: The body begins to break down (metabolism)
4. Drug Elimination: excrete the drug immediately after absorption

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5
Q

Define: Drug Absorption

A

●Movement of drug from administration site into systemic circulation

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6
Q

Define: Bioavailability

A

degree to which drug is absorbed and reaches systemic circulation

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7
Q

Hydrophilic

A

(ionized) molecules that diffuse through the fluid that is between cells

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8
Q

Lipophilic

A

non-ionized molecules that diffuse across the cellular membrane

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9
Q

Define: Drug Form

A

Solid drug forms must be broken down to smaller particles before absorption therefore delaying absorption

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10
Q

Drug Distribution

A

●Once in the systemic circulation drug must be distributed to target tissues
●Initial distribution is to highly perfused tissue such as the brain/vital organs
●Drugs enter target tissue at capillary level

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11
Q

The “rights” of proper drug administration:

A

• Right drug
• Right dose
• Right route
• Right time
• Right patient
• Right documentation

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12
Q

Define: Dose

A

amount of drug administered at one time

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13
Q

Define: Loading dose

A

initial dose of drug given to get the ​drug concentration up to therapeutic range in a short ​period of time

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14
Q

Define: Maintenance dose

A

the dose of drug that maintains ​or keeps the drug at therapeutic levels.

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15
Q

Pharmacokinetics includes?

A
  1. Drug Absorption
  2. Drug Distribution
  3. Drug Metabolism
  4. Drug Elimination
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16
Q

Drug Absorption is affected by?

A

Affected by
route of administration
drug’s hydrophilic/lipophilic nature
drug form
GI tract condition
Liver metabolism after GI absorption
Blood perfusion at administration site
Polarity affects a drug molecules ability to move across physical barriers
◦ Greatly affected by the PH of the body

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17
Q

Hydrophilic can be given?

A

SQ

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18
Q

Lipophilic can be given?

A

PO

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19
Q

the First Pass Effect

A

Some drugs can be completely metabolized by the liver which stops the drug from reaching the heart and other body tissues.

Example: Diazepam (Seizure med) - This is why its given IV so it will go straight to the heart & than to the brain and does not get completely absorbed by the liver.

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20
Q

• Blood Perfusion at the Injection Site

A

◦ This essentially means if you inject in the same location multiple times than the skin will begin to scar therefore decreasing blood flow

21
Q

Drug Distribution refers to?

A

• Once in the systemic circulation drug must be distributed to target tissues which are the highly perfused/vascular tissues/organs:

22
Q

target tissues are?

A

◦ Brain, Heart, Lungs, all visceral organs (Abdominal organs), muscle, & last the skin

23
Q

Drugs can enter target tissue at the?

A

capillary levels

24
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

◦ Central Nervous System has specialized capillaries that do not allow protein bound drug molecules through
◦ Prostate, Eyes & Placenta have these specialized capillaries as well.

25
Q

Drug Distribution is highly affected by?

A

the hydration status of the animal

26
Q

metabolism is?

A

the body’s ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body.

27
Q

Another name for biotransformation is?

A

Metabolism

28
Q

Most biotransformation occurs in the?

A

liver

29
Q

Why does metabolism occur in the liver?

A

because of the action of microsomal enzymes called cytochrome P450 enzymes found in liver cells.

30
Q

cytochrome P450 enzymes

A

found in liver cells. These enzymes induce chemical reactions that change the drug chemically to allow elimination in the urine or bile.

31
Q

Once a drug has been biotransformed, it is called a?

A

metabolite

32
Q

what are the four chemical reactions that are induced by microsomal enzymes in the liver to biotransform drugs?

A
  1. Oxidation—loss of electrons
  2. Reduction—gain of electrons
  3. Hydrolysis—splitting of the drug molecule and addition of a water molecule to each of the split portions
  4. Conjugation—the addition of glucuronic acid or similar compounds to the drug molecule; when these compounds are attached to a drug molecule, the drug becomes much more water soluble
33
Q

Removal of a drug from the body occurs at

A

the kidney and at the liver.

34
Q

competitive inhibition

A

is when 2 drugs are metabolized by the same enzyme, 1 drug will overwhelm the system so the other drug is metabolized slower therefore it goes past the therapeutic range causing it to be toxic.

35
Q

Enzyme induction

A

is when there is 2 drugs are metabolized by the same enzyme and 1 drug is metabolized faster than the other so it won’t reach the therapeutic range

36
Q

Removal of a drug from the body occurs at which organ?

A

Liver & Kidney

37
Q

Drug elimination rate are dependent on?

A

A drugs half life

38
Q

Poor what flow can lead to toxicity?

A

Renal Blood Flow

39
Q

Drugs half life is used to determine?

A

Dosage interval & withdrawl time

40
Q

A longer drug half life means it takes longer or shorter to eliminate from the body?

A

Longer

41
Q

Drugs must be combined with what to exert their effect?

A

Cellular receptors

42
Q

What are cellular receptors?

A

Body tissues have specific cellular receptors that match drug receptors allowing the drug to bind with the tissue and exert their effect

43
Q

Agonist Reaction refers to?

A

a drug delivering the therapeutic effect of the desired drug in the most efficient manner

44
Q

Atongist means?

A

No desired drug action - blocking the receptors

45
Q

Nonrecptor Drugs is called?

A

Mediated Drug Effect

46
Q

explain Mediated Drug Effect

A

Some drugs are able to fulfill there therapeutic duties without bringing to cellular receptors

47
Q

examples of drugs that have Mediated Drug Effect

A

EDTA, Mannitol & antacids

48
Q

how does EDTA work?

A

EDTA binds to calcium to prevent a clot from forming so it’s not taking binging to specific cellular receptor

49
Q

how does antacids work?

A

they contain calcium & magnesium which bind to the stomach acid to neutralize it and prevent ulcer formations