Gastrointestinal Drugs Flashcards
What three segments of the GI tract exist in all animal species?
- Stomach (Gastric)
- Small Intestine (Enteric)
- Large Intestine (Colonic)
What three segments of the GI tract exist in all animal species?
- Stomach (Gastric)
- Small Intestine (Enteric)
- Large Intestine (Colonic)
What are the three basic functions of the GI system?
- Transport Food
- Secrete Digestive Enzymes
- Absorbs Nutrients
What factors influence the functions of the GI system?
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Prostaglandin E
- Hydrochloride Acid
- Irritating Compounds & Bacterial Toxins
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the GI system?
- Increased digestive secretions
- Increases blood flow to the GI tract
- Increases intestinal motility
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the GI tract?
- Decreased digestive secretions
- Decreased blood flow to the GI tract
- Decreases intestinal motility
Prostaglandin E is produced by?
GI Cells
Prostaglandin E affects the GI tract by?
- Increasing intestinal mucus production
- Decreasing hydrochloric acid (HCL) secretions
- Increases intestinal motility
- Increases blood supply to the GI tract
Hydrochloric Acid abbreviation?
HCL
Hydrochloric acid is produced by?
parietal cells in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid are produced in response to?
- Histamine
- Gastric
- Acetylcholine
HCL stand for?
Hydrochloric Acid
What is the drug of choice for treatment of diarrhea in small animal medicine?
Metronidazole
What is the laxative of choice in cats?
Lactulose
what are the main causes of diarrhea?
- Maldigestion &/or Malabsorption of food
- Hyper-secretion of intestinal fluid
- Increased permeability of intestinal mucosal blood vessels
- Increased intestinal motility
Most antidiarrheal drugs are use to treat?
The symptoms but does not actually treat the primary cause of the diarrhea
Large proportion of diarrhea in small animals involve?
Decreased motility
What drugs are used to modify intestinal motility? and why?
- Opioid analgesics & anticholinergic drug’s
- They slow movement of bowl contents
What antidiarrheal drugs act as adsorbents &/or protectants?
- Activated Charcoal
- Kaolin
- Pectin
- Bismuth Subsalicylate
TRUE/FALSE: Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs are the most effective agents in the control of diarrhea
True
Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs work by?
- Increasing segmental contractions
- Decreasing intestinal secretions
- Enhancing intestinal absorptions
Which species is the use of Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs controversial?
Cats & Horses due to the drug effects to cause CNS stimulation
Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs are often used in combination with other antidiarrheal agents?
True
Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs clinical use
- To control diarrhea
- Mask pain associated with disease
what are the common Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs used in vet med?
- Dipehoxylate (Lomotil)
- Paregoric
- Loperamide
Dipehoxylate is what type of drug?
antidiarrheal
Paraegoric is what type of drug
Antidarrheal
Loperamide is what type of drug
antidiarrheal
*trade name Imodium
Loperamide poorly penetrates what in what species?
Poorly penetrates the central nervous system in cats
Loperamide can be purchased by RX or OTC?
Over the counter (OTC)
side effects of opioid analgesic antidiarrheal drugs?
- Constipation
- Ileus
- Sedation
- Central nervous system excitement (Cats & Horses)
Anticholinergics antidiarrheal drugs are widely used in vet med because?
Most diarrhea in small animals is caused from hypo-motility rather than hyper-motility. This diarrhea is caused by increased colonic contractions
Anticholinergics work by?
Blocking the effects of acetylcholine significantly decreases intestinal motility & secretions
What are the common anticholinergics antidiarrheal drugs used in vet meds?
- Atropine
- Hyoscyamine
What anticholinergics antidiarrheal drug is preferred for treating bradycardia and/or irritable bowel syndrome in dogs?
Hyoscyamine
Anticholinergics antidiarrheal drug side effects
- Dry Mucus Membranes
- Constipation
- Urinary Retention
- Tachycardia
- Behavior Chnages
Adsorbents & Protectants Drug work by?
By coating action of these drugs protects inflamed mucosa from further irritation. The adsorbent activity brings bacteria or their toxins to protect against the harmful effects & are less likely to be further absorbed into the body.
*These agents are used to control diarrhea & act as adsorbents to protect the intestinal wall
Common adbsorbents & protectant drugs used in vet med?
- Activated Charcoal
- Kaolin & Pectin (Kaopectate)
- Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol)
Activated charcoal works by?
Adheres enterotoxins to its surface
*Preferred Adsorbent & Protectant
Kaolin & Pectin works by?
Absorbing enterotoxins & coats the intestinal bowel wall
Bismuth Subsalicylate works by?
Bismuth Carbonate cats the intestinal mucosa.
Salicylate decreases fluid secretions
Bismuth subsalicylate trade name
Pepto Bismol
Bismuth subsalicylate is not safe to use in what species?
Cats
Laxatives work by?
Increasing the fluid context of feces to facilitate in passage
Laxatives clinical use?
Used in the relief of constipation
Laxative examples used in vet med?
- Saline/Hyperosomotic Agents
*Lactulose & Milk of Magnesia - Bulk Producing Laxative Agents
- Bran, Methyceullose, & Metamucil
Saline/Hyperosmotic agents work by?
They contain magnesium or phosphate anions that are very poorly absorbed in the GI tract which causes the GI tract to retain water causing the GI tract limes to increase in result increases the osmolaity of the environment softening the still which stimulates the stretch receptors in the GI tract wall to initiate/enhance peristalsis moving the stool along
Saline/Hyperosmotic agent side effects?
Cramping & Nausea
*Dehydration &/or electrolyte imbalance can occur in overdoses/overuses cases in Cats
Bulk producing laxative agents are?
Often indigestible plant material that act as absorbing water (pulling water from the bowel of the lumber) & swelling to increase the bulk of intestinal content therefore stimulating peristalsis (bowel movement).
Bulk producing laxative agents clinical use?
Used for relief of constipation & for the relief of some type of impactions
Bulk Producing Laxative agents side effects?
- Few adverse effects
- Do not give laxatives to dehydrated animals
Lubricants are?
Typically oils or other hydrocarbon derivatives (petrolatum) that softens the fecal mass & makes it easier to move through the GI tract