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VT 251 Pharmacology > Gastrointestinal Drugs > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What three segments of the GI tract exist in all animal species?

A
  1. Stomach (Gastric)
  2. Small Intestine (Enteric)
  3. Large Intestine (Colonic)
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2
Q

What three segments of the GI tract exist in all animal species?

A
  1. Stomach (Gastric)
  2. Small Intestine (Enteric)
  3. Large Intestine (Colonic)
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3
Q

What are the three basic functions of the GI system?

A
  1. Transport Food
  2. Secrete Digestive Enzymes
  3. Absorbs Nutrients
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4
Q

What factors influence the functions of the GI system?

A
  1. Parasympathetic Nervous System
  2. Sympathetic Nervous System
  3. Prostaglandin E
  4. Hydrochloride Acid
  5. Irritating Compounds & Bacterial Toxins
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5
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the GI system?

A
  1. Increased digestive secretions
  2. Increases blood flow to the GI tract
  3. Increases intestinal motility
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6
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the GI tract?

A
  1. Decreased digestive secretions
  2. Decreased blood flow to the GI tract
  3. Decreases intestinal motility
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7
Q

Prostaglandin E is produced by?

A

GI Cells

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8
Q

Prostaglandin E affects the GI tract by?

A
  1. Increasing intestinal mucus production
  2. Decreasing hydrochloric acid (HCL) secretions
  3. Increases intestinal motility
  4. Increases blood supply to the GI tract
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9
Q

Hydrochloric Acid abbreviation?

A

HCL

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10
Q

Hydrochloric acid is produced by?

A

parietal cells in the stomach

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11
Q

Hydrochloric acid are produced in response to?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Gastric
  3. Acetylcholine
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12
Q

HCL stand for?

A

Hydrochloric Acid

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13
Q

What is the drug of choice for treatment of diarrhea in small animal medicine?

A

Metronidazole

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14
Q

What is the laxative of choice in cats?

A

Lactulose

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15
Q

what are the main causes of diarrhea?

A
  1. Maldigestion &/or Malabsorption of food
  2. Hyper-secretion of intestinal fluid
  3. Increased permeability of intestinal mucosal blood vessels
  4. Increased intestinal motility
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16
Q

Most antidiarrheal drugs are use to treat?

A

The symptoms but does not actually treat the primary cause of the diarrhea

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17
Q

Large proportion of diarrhea in small animals involve?

A

Decreased motility

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18
Q

What drugs are used to modify intestinal motility? and why?

A
  • Opioid analgesics & anticholinergic drug’s
  • They slow movement of bowl contents
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19
Q

What antidiarrheal drugs act as adsorbents &/or protectants?

A
  1. Activated Charcoal
  2. Kaolin
  3. Pectin
  4. Bismuth Subsalicylate
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20
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs are the most effective agents in the control of diarrhea

A

True

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21
Q

Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs work by?

A
  • Increasing segmental contractions
  • Decreasing intestinal secretions
  • Enhancing intestinal absorptions
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22
Q

Which species is the use of Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs controversial?

A

Cats & Horses due to the drug effects to cause CNS stimulation

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23
Q

Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs are often used in combination with other antidiarrheal agents?

A

True

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24
Q

Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs clinical use

A
  1. To control diarrhea
  2. Mask pain associated with disease
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25
Q

what are the common Narcotic/Opioid Analgesics antidiarrheal drugs used in vet med?

A
  1. Dipehoxylate (Lomotil)
  2. Paregoric
  3. Loperamide
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26
Q

Dipehoxylate is what type of drug?

A

antidiarrheal

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27
Q

Paraegoric is what type of drug

A

Antidarrheal

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28
Q

Loperamide is what type of drug

A

antidiarrheal
*trade name Imodium

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29
Q

Loperamide poorly penetrates what in what species?

A

Poorly penetrates the central nervous system in cats

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30
Q

Loperamide can be purchased by RX or OTC?

A

Over the counter (OTC)

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31
Q

side effects of opioid analgesic antidiarrheal drugs?

A
  • Constipation
  • Ileus
  • Sedation
  • Central nervous system excitement (Cats & Horses)
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32
Q

Anticholinergics antidiarrheal drugs are widely used in vet med because?

A

Most diarrhea in small animals is caused from hypo-motility rather than hyper-motility. This diarrhea is caused by increased colonic contractions

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33
Q

Anticholinergics work by?

A

Blocking the effects of acetylcholine significantly decreases intestinal motility & secretions

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34
Q

What are the common anticholinergics antidiarrheal drugs used in vet meds?

A
  1. Atropine
  2. Hyoscyamine
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35
Q

What anticholinergics antidiarrheal drug is preferred for treating bradycardia and/or irritable bowel syndrome in dogs?

A

Hyoscyamine

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36
Q

Anticholinergics antidiarrheal drug side effects

A
  1. Dry Mucus Membranes
  2. Constipation
  3. Urinary Retention
  4. Tachycardia
  5. Behavior Chnages
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37
Q

Adsorbents & Protectants Drug work by?

A

By coating action of these drugs protects inflamed mucosa from further irritation. The adsorbent activity brings bacteria or their toxins to protect against the harmful effects & are less likely to be further absorbed into the body.
*These agents are used to control diarrhea & act as adsorbents to protect the intestinal wall

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38
Q

Common adbsorbents & protectant drugs used in vet med?

A
  1. Activated Charcoal
  2. Kaolin & Pectin (Kaopectate)
  3. Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol)
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39
Q

Activated charcoal works by?

A

Adheres enterotoxins to its surface
*Preferred Adsorbent & Protectant

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40
Q

Kaolin & Pectin works by?

A

Absorbing enterotoxins & coats the intestinal bowel wall

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41
Q

Bismuth Subsalicylate works by?

A

Bismuth Carbonate cats the intestinal mucosa.
Salicylate decreases fluid secretions

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42
Q

Bismuth subsalicylate trade name

A

Pepto Bismol

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43
Q

Bismuth subsalicylate is not safe to use in what species?

A

Cats

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44
Q

Laxatives work by?

A

Increasing the fluid context of feces to facilitate in passage

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45
Q

Laxatives clinical use?

A

Used in the relief of constipation

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46
Q

Laxative examples used in vet med?

A
  1. Saline/Hyperosomotic Agents
    *Lactulose & Milk of Magnesia
  2. Bulk Producing Laxative Agents
    • Bran, Methyceullose, & Metamucil
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47
Q

Saline/Hyperosmotic agents work by?

A

They contain magnesium or phosphate anions that are very poorly absorbed in the GI tract which causes the GI tract to retain water causing the GI tract limes to increase in result increases the osmolaity of the environment softening the still which stimulates the stretch receptors in the GI tract wall to initiate/enhance peristalsis moving the stool along

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48
Q

Saline/Hyperosmotic agent side effects?

A

Cramping & Nausea
*Dehydration &/or electrolyte imbalance can occur in overdoses/overuses cases in Cats

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49
Q

Bulk producing laxative agents are?

A

Often indigestible plant material that act as absorbing water (pulling water from the bowel of the lumber) & swelling to increase the bulk of intestinal content therefore stimulating peristalsis (bowel movement).

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50
Q

Bulk producing laxative agents clinical use?

A

Used for relief of constipation & for the relief of some type of impactions

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51
Q

Bulk Producing Laxative agents side effects?

A
  1. Few adverse effects
  2. Do not give laxatives to dehydrated animals
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52
Q

Lubricants are?

A

Typically oils or other hydrocarbon derivatives (petrolatum) that softens the fecal mass & makes it easier to move through the GI tract

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53
Q

Lubricant clinical use?

A

Used for the relief of constipation & fecal impaction

54
Q

Lubricant most commonly used in vet med?

A
  1. Mineral Oil
  2. Cod Liver Oil
  3. White Petrolatum
55
Q

Lubricant side effects?

A
  1. Aspiration may occur if mineral oil is given orally
  2. Longer term use can decrease absorption of lipid soluble vitamins
56
Q

Stool Softeners/Surfactants are used?

A

To reduce surface tension & allow after to penetrate the dry stool thus softening the stool increasing intestinal secretions

57
Q

Stool Softeners/Surfactants clinical use?

A
  1. The treatment f hard, dry feces in small animals
  2. Impaction in horses
  3. Occasionally digestive upset in cattle
58
Q

Common stool softener/surfactant used in vet med?

A

Docusate Sodium Succinate
*Colace

59
Q

Docusate Sodium Succinate side effects

A
  1. May increase Mucosal Fluid Secretion
  2. May promote absorption of mineral oil in GI tract leading to hepatitis
60
Q

Gastrointestinal Prokinetic Drugs/Stimulants work by?

A

Increasing the motility of a part or parts of the GI tract which enhances the transit of material through the GI tract.

61
Q

Common gastrointestinal prokinetic drug used in vet med?

62
Q

Cisaapride is what type of drug & works by?

A

A Gastrointestinal prokinetic stimulant drug that stimulated colon motility

63
Q

Cisparide clinical use?

A

Used to prevent constipation in cats

64
Q

Antiulcer drugs are used to?

A

To counteract the processes that lead to GI ulcer formation

65
Q

What causes a GI ulcer to form?

A
  1. Hyperacidity
  2. Direct injury by drugs or chemicals
  3. Reflux of bile from duodenum into stomach
  4. Accumulation of metabolic toxins
  5. Decreased PGE production
66
Q

Antiulcer drugs are commonly known as?

67
Q

Antiacids work by?

A

Decreasing gastric irritation by decreasing acidity in the stomach

68
Q

Non-Systemic Antacids commonly used in Vet Med?

A
  1. Calcium Carbonate (Tums & Rolaids)
  2. Magnesium Hydroxide (Carmilax & Riopan)
  3. Aluminum Hydroxide (Amphojel
69
Q

Nonsystemic antacid side effects?

A

Constipation
Diarrhea
May interfere with absorption of other drugs

70
Q

Calcium Carbonate possible side effect?

A

Constipation

71
Q

Aluminum Hydroxide side effect

A

Can cause constipation

72
Q

Magnesium Hydroxide side effects?

73
Q

Calcium Carbonate is an?

A

Non-Systemic Antacid

74
Q

Magnesium Hydroxide is an?

A

Non-Systemic Antacid

75
Q

Aluminum Hydroxide what type of drug?

A

Non-Systemic Antacids

76
Q

Common system antiulcer drugs used in vet med?

A
  1. Cimetidine (Tagamet)
  2. Ranitidine (Zantac)
  3. Famotidine (Pepcid)
77
Q

How do systemic antiulcer drugs work?

A

By decreasing gastric acid secretion in stomach by blocking histamine receptors on the partial cells

78
Q

What is one special concern you need to be aware about when prescribing Cimetidine?

A

This drug can inhibit metabolism of some other drugs by the liver

79
Q

Cimetidine is what type of drug?

A

A Systemic Anti-ulcer/Antacid Drug

80
Q

Ranitidine is what type of drug?

A

Systemic Anti-Ulcer/Antacid Drug
*Trade Name: Zantac

81
Q

Famotidine is what type of drug?

A

A Systemic Anti-Ulcer Drug
*Trade Name: Pepcid

82
Q

Omeprazole is what type of drug?

A

An Anti-Ulcer Drug
*Trade Name: Prilosec & Pantoprazole

83
Q

Sucralfate is what type of drug?

A

Anti-Ulcer Drug
*Trade Name: Carafate

84
Q

Omeprazole works by?

A

It’s considered a Proton Pump Inhibitor.
It works by binding to an enzyme in the parietal cell that prevents the secretion of H+ into the intestinal lumen

85
Q

Sucralfate works by?

A
  • Forming a sticky paste that protects an active ulcer.
  • Promotes production of PGE
86
Q

Should Sucralfate be andministered at the same time as other antacids?

87
Q

Misoprostol is what type of drug?

A

An antiulcer drug - Synthetic PGE

88
Q

Misoprostol clinical use?

A
  • Treat NSAID overdose/Toxicity as it helps with absorption
  • Helps in crease GI blood flow
89
Q

Misoprostol can cause?

90
Q

Emetics Drugs are?

A

Drugs to induce vomiting - Vomiting is a protective mechanism designed to remove irritating substances from the GI tract.
*Vomiting may be the direct result of many different diseases

91
Q

Vomiting is triggered by what stimuli?

A
  1. Irritation of tisssues innervated by the Vagus Nerve
  2. Stimulation of the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CRTZ)
  3. Stimulation of vestibular Nerve
  4. Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex
92
Q

Stimulation of the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CRTZ) are triggered by?

A

Toxins & Overdose

93
Q

Stimulation of the Vestibular Nerve refers to?

A

Motion Sickness

94
Q

Emesis refers to?

A

Induction of vomiting which is sometime indicated in animals to remove toxic substances from the GI tract

95
Q

Vomiting must be induced within how many hours for liquids?

96
Q

Vomiting must be induced for solids after how many hours?

97
Q

Vomiting should not be induced if?

A

1 Caustic substance was ingested
2. Gasoline or other petroleum products were ingested
3. Animal is unconscious or extremely depressed
4. Animal cannot vomit normally (Horses, Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, etc)

98
Q

What ate the two types of Emetics drugs?

A
  1. Centrally Acting Emetics
  2. Locally acting emetics
99
Q

How do centrally acting emetics work?

A

By stimulating dopamine or alpha 2 receptors in the central nervous system

100
Q

How do locally acting emetics work?

A

Cause irritation of the GI tract to induce vomiting

101
Q

Apomorphine is what type of drug?

A

A Centrally Acting Emetic

102
Q

Apomorphine is used in what species?

103
Q

Apomorphine has a rapid onset or slow onset of affect?

A

Rapid Onset of Effect

104
Q

Apomoprhine can be given?

A

IV, IM, or Subconjunctivally

105
Q

Xylazine is what type of drug?

A

A Centrally Acting Emetic

106
Q

Xylazine is used mostly in what species?

107
Q

Xylazine dose is lower or high than the preanesthetic sedation dose?

108
Q

Xyalzine effects can be reversed with what drug?

109
Q

Dexmedetomidine is what type of drug?

A

Is an Alpha 2 Agonist that is more commonly used than Xyalazine as a centrally acting emetic

110
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide is considered what type of drug?

A

An Locally Acting Emetic Solution

111
Q

What are other alternatives to Hydrogen peroxide as emetics?

A
  1. Salt Water
  2. Mustard & Water
112
Q

Antiemetic drugs are used to?

A

Decrease &/or prevent vomiting

113
Q

What are common antiemetic drugs used in Vet Med?

A
  1. Phenothiazine Tranquilizers
  2. Antihistamines
  3. Anticholinergics
  4. Serotonin Recepter Antagonists
  5. Metoclopramide
  6. Maropitant
114
Q

Phenothiazine Tranquilizers that are used as antiemetics?

A
  1. Acepromazine
  2. Chlorpromazine
  3. Prochlorperazine
115
Q

Acepromazine is what type of drug?

A

A Phenothiazine tranquilizer Antiemetic drug

116
Q

Chlorpromazine is what type of drug?

A

Phenothiazine tranquilizer antiemetic drug

117
Q

Prochlorperazine is what type of drug?

A

An antimetic phenothiazine tranquilizer

118
Q

Phenothiazine tranquilizers work as an antiemetic by?

A

Block dopamine receptors in the central nervous system.
Does NOT prevent vomiting caused by GI irritation

119
Q

Antihistamines antiemetic drug examples?

A
  1. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
  2. Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
120
Q

Antihistamine work as antiemetics by?

A

Inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses from vestibular nerve by blocking histamine receptors. Can produce a sedative effect & affect allergy testing.

121
Q

Anticholinergics that are antiemetic drugs used in vet med?

A
  1. Aminopentamide (Centrine)
  2. Isopropamide (Darbazine)
  3. Atropine
122
Q

Anticholinergics work as antiemetics by?

A

Blocking nerve conduction through the vagus nerve when there a GI irritation by blocking the acetylcholine receptors which decrease GI secretions & GI motility.

123
Q

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists antiemetics work by?

A

Blocking nerve transmission through vagus nerve & prevent stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ)

124
Q

What is the least commonly used antiemetic?

A

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
* Ondanstron (Zofran) & Dolaston (Anzemet)

125
Q

Ondanstron & Dolasetron are examples of what type of antiemetic?

A

Serotonin Receptor Antagonist

126
Q

metoclopramide is an example of what type of drug?

A

Antiemetic Drug

127
Q

Metoclopramide works as an antiemetic by?

A

Blocking dopamine receptors in the central nervous system & acts locally in the GI tract by increasing lower esophageal muscle tone, causing relaxation of pylorus, & increasing GI motility.
*It may cause sedation in dogs & excitement in cats

128
Q

Maropitant is what type of drug?

A

Antimetic
*The newest widely used antiemetic
*Trade Name: Cerenia

129
Q

Maropitant works as an antiemetic by?

A

Prevent vomiting centrally & locally
Blocks neurokin-1 receptors found in the GI tract, CRTZ, Vestibular nerve, & the vomiting center
Helps prevent coughing
Provides visceral analgesia during abdominal surgery as a preanesthetic

130
Q

Maropitant label for use?

A

In dogs & Cats to prevent acute vomiting & vomiting due to motion sickness in dogs

131
Q

Caution should be used when prescribing Maropitant during what situations?

A

Animals with asthma

VT 251 Pharmacology (15 decks)

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