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VT 251 Pharmacology > Anticonvulsant Drugs > Flashcards

Anticonvulsant Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Seizure

A

Periods of altered brain function due to recurrent abnormal electrical impulses

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2
Q

Define: Epilepsy

A

Recurrent seizures caused by a brain abnormality

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3
Q

Define: Convulsions

A

Seizure characterized by spastic muscle movement

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4
Q

Define: Partial Seizure

A
  • Spastic muscle contraction in a limb & facial muscles
    -May experience Hallucinations
  • Develop apparent blindness or behavioral abnormalities
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5
Q

Define: Status Epilepticus

A

A continual seizure

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6
Q

Phases of a seizure?

A
  1. Preictal Phase
  2. Ictal Phase
  3. Postictal Phase
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7
Q

Define: Preictal Phase

A
  • First phase of a seizure
  • Before the seizure occurs technically
  • Animal may begin pacing, panting, anxiety, & apprehension
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8
Q

Define: Ictal Phase

A
  • Second phase of seizures
  • When the seizure occurs technically
  • Last 1-2 minutes
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9
Q

Define: Postictal Phase

A
  • Third phase of a seizure
  • After the seizure subsides
  • Animal may appear tired, confused, & anxious
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10
Q

Causes of seizures?

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Hypoxemia (Lack of oxygen)
  • Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels)
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Toxins
  • CNS infections (Strychine Organphosphates)
  • CNS Tumors
  • CNS Trauma
  • Renal Failure
  • Liver Disease
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11
Q

Phenobarbital is what type of drug?

A

Anticonvulsant

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12
Q

Phenobarbital starting dose?

A

2mg/kg

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13
Q

is Phenobarbital a controlled substance?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Phenobarbital is available in what formulations?

A

Injectable & Tablets

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15
Q

Is Phenobarbital a highly or low protein bound?

A

Highly protein bound
*Aspirin & Sulfonamide displace it from the proteins

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16
Q

Phenobarbital side effects?

A
  • Sedation
  • Incoordination
  • Lethargy *most common
  • Liver Disease
  • Anemia *Rare
17
Q

Phenobarbital requires what type of dosage?

A

Loading dose & therapeutic dose for long term care

18
Q

Potassium Bromide is what type of drug?

A

Anticonvulsant drug

19
Q

Potassium Bromide is commonly used in conjunction with what to control seizures

A

Phenobarbital
*Especially when liver disease is a concern

20
Q

Potassium Bromide has a narrow or wide therapeutic index?

A

Narrow therapeutic Index

21
Q

Potassium Bromide is eliminated through the?

A

Kidney without being metabolized

22
Q

Is a loading dose required when prescribing potassium bromide?

A

Yes - Loading & therapeutic drug concentration monitoring necessary

23
Q

Potassium Bromide side effects?

A
  • Gi Irritation
  • Sedation is seen in toxicity cases
24
Q

Potassium Bromide available formulations?

A

Powder that is mixed with dextrose or corn syrups for oral administration

25
Q

Is Potassium Bromide a controlled substance?

26
Q

Levetiracetam is what type of drug?

A

An Anticonvulsant drug

27
Q

Levetiracetam clinical use?

A
  • Used on dogs/cats when Phenobarbital &/or Potassium Bromide aren’t controlling seizures adequately
  • Neurologists state this is & Zonisamide are preferred due to lower side effects but its controversial
28
Q

Is Levetiracetam preferred for Cats?

A

No still use phenobarbital

29
Q

Levetiracetam is given what route?

A

Orally
- Must be given 3 times daily

30
Q

Is Levetiracetam a controlled substance?

31
Q

Zonisamide clinical use?

A
  • Used on dogs/cats when Phenobarbital &/or Potassium Bromide aren’t controlling seizures adequately
  • Neurologists stats that this & Levetiracetam are preferred due to lower side affects but its controversial
32
Q

Zonismade is given?

A

Orally - Every 12 hours

33
Q

What are the ideal anticonvulsant for dogs?

A

Levetiracetam
Zonisamide

34
Q

What is the drug of choice for emergency treatment of seizures in animals?

A

Diazepam & Midazolam

35
Q

Diazepam are given which route?

A
  • Diazepam can only be given IV
36
Q

Midazolam is given which route?

A
  • IV is most effective
  • IM
  • Orally has poor effect in dogs
37
Q

Does Diazepam or Midazolam have a short duration?

38
Q

Diazepam is metabolized in the?

39
Q

Diazepam & Midazolam are also used as?

A

Appetite stimulant & to prevent urine marking & anxious cats

VT 251 Pharmacology (15 decks)

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