Principals of articulation Flashcards
Articulation
Also known as joint or athrosis.
Point of contact between:
- Neighbouring bones
- Bone and cartilage
- Bone and teeth
Joint classifications
Presence or absence of synovial cavity.
Type of connective tissue
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Functional:
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diathrosis
Fibrous joint
Joint with no synovial cavity and fibrous connective tissue.
- Synarthrotic/ amphiarthrotic
Types:
- Suture
- Syndesmosis
- Interosseous membrane
Suture joint
- Joint type, structure
- Cartilage
- Movement
- Examples
Type of fibrous joint between skull bones
Thin layer of dense connective tissue.
Irregular shape–> interlocks
- Synarthrosis
When it ossifies, forms synostosis.
- Occurs in left+right frontal bone around 6 yrs.
Syndesmosis
- Joint type, structure
- Cartilage
- Movement
- Examples
Type of fibrous joint
- More connective tissue and covers more distance that suture joint.
Connective tissues are bundled into ligament
Amphiarthrosis
Examples:
- Anterior tibiofibular
- Gomphosis (b/w teeth and mandible)
Interosseous membrane
- Joint type, structure
- Cartilage
- Movement
- Examples
Fibrous joint composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.
- Joins long bones
Amphiarthrosis
Examples
- B/w tibia and fibula
- B/w ulna and radius
Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial cavity
- Connective tissue
- Functional movements
- Types
Group of joints with no synovial cavity.
Connective tissue
- Fibrocartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
Syn/amphiarthrosis
Types
- Synchondosis
- Symphysis
Synchondosis
- Joint type
- Cartilage
- Movement
- Examples
Type of cartilaginous joint
- Hyaline cartilage
Synarthrosis
Examples
- Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)- forms synostosis after skeletal maturity.
Synovial joint
Joint that contains synovial cavity between the articulating bones
- Diarthrosis
- Articular cartilage
Articular cartilage
Avascular hyaline cartilage in synovial joints
- Covers the bones
Collagen and proteoglycan
- Collagen arrangement determines its resistance to compression
Articular capsule
Capsule around synovial joint
Outer fibrous membrane
- Connects to periosteum
- Allows flexible movement
- Bundles= high tensile strength
Inner synovial membrane
- Aerolar CT (elastic)
- Contains articular fat pads occasionally
Synovial fluid
- Description
- Production
- Function
Secreted by synovial membrane in synovial joint.
- By fibroblast-like cells
- Also from interstitial fluid from plasma.
Hyaluronic acid rich
Function
- Lubricates articular surface
- Shock absorber
- Supplies nutrition, removes waste from articular cartilage (phagocytes)
Intrascapular ligaments of synovial joint
Inside the capsule
- Separated from synovial fluid by folds of synovial membrane
Examples
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee.
Extrascapular ligaments of synovial joint
Outside the capsule
- Includes fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee.
Accessory articular discs of synovial joints
Lies between the articular cartilage of the joint.
- Helps to maintain stability
- Directs flow of synovial fluid.
Examples
- Mensicus of the knee
Synovial joint nerve supply
Nerve- Same as the associated muscles
- Nerve endings distributed to articular capsule and the ligaments
- Responsible for pain and proprioception
Bursae
Fluid filled sac lines with synovial-like membrane
- Cushions movement between body parts
Tendon sheaths
Membrane the wrap around tendons
- Especially when they unit or pass through a joint capsule in synovial joints.
Planar joint
- Type
- Movement
- Examples
Synovial joint on flat/ slightly curved surface
- Back and forth
- Side to side
Examples:
- Intercarpal
- Intertarsal
Hinge joint
- Type
- Movement
- Examples
Synovial joint of a concave bone on convex surface
Flexion and extension
Examples
- Knee
- Elbow
Pivot
- Type
- Movement
- Examples
Synovial joint with round/pointed surface bone pivoting inside ring of another bone+ligament
Rotation in its longitudinal axis (monoaxial)
Example
- Radioulnar
- Atlanto-axial
Condyloid joint
- Type
- Movement
- Examples
Synovial joint with
- Convex oval projection of a bone into oval depression of another.
Biaxial movement
- Flex and extend
- Ab/adduct
Examples
- Wrist
- MCP joints
Saddle joint
- Type
- Movement
- Examples
Synovial joint
- Bone fits into saddle shape it opposes
Biaxial movement
- Flex and extend
- Ab/adduct
- Sometimes limited rotation
Example
- Carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and 1st metacarpal.
Ball and socket joint
- Type
- Movement
- Examples
Synovial joint
- Ball-like surface of bone into cup-like depression of another
Triaxial movement
- Flex/ Extend
- Ad/abduct
- Rotation
Examples
- Shoulder
- Hinge
Glenoid labrum
Fibrocartilage that deeper glenoid fossa.
Bursae and ligaments of glenohumeral joint
Ligaments that stabilise
- Glenohumeral
- Coracohumeral
- Transverse humeral
Four bursae
Acromioclavicular joint
Planar joint that acts like a pivot between acromion and clavicle.
Allows arm rotation above the head.
Ligaments that stabilise the acromioclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular
Coracoacromial
Coracoclavicular (conoid and trapezoid)
Sternoclavicular joint
Synovial saddle joint
- Clavicle into supralateral surface of the manubrium+ medial costal cartilage of rib 1
Triaxial movement
- Passive
Fibrocartilagenous articular disc
- Divides joint into two synovial cavities
Ligaments that reinforce sternoclavicular joint
Interclavicular, anterior, and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
