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Module 204: Musculoskeletal system > Morphology of the upper limb > Flashcards

Morphology of the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Composed of the scapula and clavicle

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2
Q

Features of the scapula

A

Coracoid process - Attachment of Pec. Minor, short head of biceps, coracobrachialis.

Spine- continuous with acromion.
Gives rise to origins: supraspinatus, infraspinatus.
- Attachment of Trapezius

Superior angle
- Attachment of levator scapulae

Inferior angle
- Attachment of teres major

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3
Q

Features of the humerus [7]

A

Humeral head
- Forms glenohumeral joint with glenoid fossa of clavicle.

Necks- Surgical and anatomical

Tubercles- Greater and lesser
- Separated by the bicipital groove/ intertubercular sulcus

Deltoid tuberosity
- Attachment of deltoid

Epicondyle- Lateal and medial
- Attachment for flexors (medial) and extensors (lateral) of the wrists and digits

Condyles- Lateral and medial

Spiral groove
- Radial nerve and deep brachial artery run through

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4
Q

Muscle attachments of the humerus
- Greater tubercle
- Lesser tubercle
- Bicipital groove
- Deltoid tuberosity
- Shaft

A

Greater tubercle
- Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor.

Lesser tubercle
- Subscapularis

Biciptal groove
- Pec major (lateral lip)
- Teres major (medial lip)
- Lattissimus dorsi (medial lip)

Delotid tuberosity
- Deltoid

Shaft
- Lateral head of triceps

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5
Q

Radius features

A

Head
- Articulates with ulna and humerus

Neck

Radial tuberosity
- Insertion of biceps brachii tendon

Body/ Shaft

Styloid process
- Brachioradialis tendon

Interosseous membrance attaches to ulna

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6
Q

Ulna features

A

Olecranon
- Forms bony point at flexed elbow
- Triceps insert at olecranon process

Ulna tuberosity
- Insertion of brachialis

Styloid process
- Attachment of ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist

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7
Q

Bones of the wrist

A

Two rows of carpal bones (proximal and distal)
- 8 altogether

5 metacarpals

14 Phalanges

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8
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Articulation of the head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula.

Ball and socket joint

Movements:
- Add/Abduction,
- Flex/Extension
- Internal/External rotation
- Circumduction.

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9
Q

Radiocarpal joint

A

Radius articulates with proximal row of carpal bones

Movements:
-Add/Abduction (Radial/Ulnar deviation)
- Palmar Flex/Extension
- Supination/Pronation

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10
Q

Joints of the wrist and hand

A

Midcarpal

Carpometacarpal

Metacarpophalangeal

Interphalangeal

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11
Q

Pectoralis major
- Origin
- Innervation
- Insertion
- Function

A

Origin
-Clavicle
-Anterior surface of the sternum
-Costal cartilage 1-6.

Insertion
- Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus.

Innervation
- Medial and lateral nerve (Medial and lateral cord)

Function
- Medial rotation of humerus
- Flexion
- Adduction

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12
Q

Pec. minor
- Origin
- Insertion
- Innervation
- Function

A

Origin
- Ribs 3-5

Insertion
- Coracoid process of scapula

Innervation
- Medial pectoral nerve (medial cord)

Action
- Stabilisation of scapula
- Raises ribs in inspiration

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13
Q

Serratus anterior
- Origin
- Insertion
- Innervation
- Function

A

Origin
- upper 8/9 ribs

Insertion
- Medial margin of scapula

Innervation
- Long thoracic nerve (C5-7)

Function
- Protraction and stabilisation of scapula.

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14
Q

Deltoid
- Origin
- Insertion
- Innervation
- Function

A

Origin
- Acromion
- Lateral third of clavicle
- Spine of scapula

Insertion
- Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Innervation
- Axillary nerve (Posterior cord)

Function
- Abduction of arm (from 10-15 degrees)
- Flexion
- Extension

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15
Q

Flexors of the arm
- At shoulder

A

Pec. major

Deltoid- anterior fibres

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii

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16
Q

Flexors of the forearm
- At the elbow

A

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Biceps brachii

17
Q

Extensors of the arm
- At shoulder

A

Lat. dorsi

Deltoid- posterior fibres

Teres major

18
Q

Extensors of the forearm
- At elbow

A

Triceps brachii

19
Q

Thenar eminence

A

Muscles on the palm, at the base of the thumb
- Supplied by median nerve
- Controls thumb movements

20
Q

Hypothenar eminence

A

Group of muscles in the palm
- Controls motion of little finger

21
Q

Dermatome

A

Individual area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve.

Cutaneous sensory changes indicate nerve damage at a segmental level.

22
Q

Function of vertebral column curvatures

A
  • Shock absorption
  • Flexibility
23
Q

Primary curvatures of the vertebral column
- Description
- Function
- Pathology

A

Kyphoses
- Important for the curved position of a fetus.

  • Thoracic
  • Sacral

Pathology
- Excess curvature (thoracic)= Hyperkyphosis (hunchback)

24
Q

Secondary curvatures of the vertebral column
- Description
- Function
- Pathology

A

Lordoses
- Important for the transition from crawling to walking.

  • Cervical
  • Lumbar

Pathology
- Excess curvature
(lumbar)= Hyperlordosis (C-shaped lower back)

25
Q

Intervertebral joints

A

Between vertebral bodies
- Fibrocartilaginous joint due to intervertebral discs

Function: Weight bearing and strength

26
Q

Intervertebral discs
- Structure
- Function
- Pathology

A

Composed of
- Outer, strong layer, Annulus fibrosus

  • Inner, semi fluid Nucleus pulposus

Thickness increases down the column.

Function
- Holds vertebrae together
- Shock absorber.

Pathology
- Disc herniation/ Protrusion–> Impingement of nerves in vertebral canal

27
Q

Ligaments of the vertebral column
- Overal function
- Specific ligaments
- Pathology

A

Overall function
-Reinforces/ stabilizes joints
-Limits range of movement

Ligaments that resists hyperextension
-Anterior longitudinal ligament
- Damaged in whiplash traumas.

Ligaments that resists hyperflexion
- Posterior longitudinal ligament
- Ligamentum flava

28
Q

Extrinsic back muscles

A

Move limbs and ribs

Composed of superficial and intermediate muscles.

Superficial
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Levator scapulae
- Rhomboids

Intermediate
- Serratus posterior, superior and inferior

29
Q

Trapezius
- Origin
- Insertion
- Innervation
- Function

A

Origin
-Ligamentum nuchae
-External occipital protuberance
-Spinal processes C7-T12.

Insertion:
-Spine of scapula
-Acromion process
-Lateral, posterior 1/3 of clavicle

Innervation
- CN 11
- Cervical spinal nerve C3-4.

Action
- Rotation of scapula
- Retraction, depression and elevation of scapula

30
Q

Latissimus dorsi
- Origin [4]
- Insertion
- Innervation
- Function

A

Origin
- Spinous processes T7-L5
-Iliac crest
-Inferior angle of scapula
-Inferior 3 or 4 ribs.

Insertion
- Bicipital groove (medial lip)

Innervation
- Thoracodorsal nerve (Posterior cord)

Function
- Adduction
- Extension
- Internal rotation
- Rotation of trunk

31
Q

Levator scapulae
- Insertion
- Innervation
- Function

A

Insertion
- Medial border of scapula

Innervation- vental rami
- Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
- C3,C4 (cervical nerve)

Function
- Elevates scapula, as seen in adduction

32
Q

Rhomboids
- Origin
- Insertion
- Innervation
- Function

A

Origin
- Spinous processes C7-T5

Insertion
- Medial border of scapula

Innervation
- Dorsal scapular nerve (C5, ventral rami)

Action
- Retracts scapula–> adduction

33
Q

Deep back muscles
- Features
- Innervation

A

Composed of

Splenus- neck

Erector spinae muscles

Multifidus

Innervation
- Posterior primary ramus of spinal nerve

34
Q

Erector spinae muscles
- Function
- Origin
- Muscle insertions

A

Allows movement of the vertebral column
- Extensor
- Lateral flexion
- Rotation

Origin
- Erector spinae aponeurosis

Insertions
- Iliocostalis to ribs

  • Longissimus to transverse processes
  • Spinales to spinous processes
35
Q

Multifidus
- Function
- Origin
- Insertions
- Innervation

A

Movement of vertebral column
- Extend
- Rotation
- Stabilisation

Origin
- Sacrum
- Erector spinae aponeurosis

Insertion
- Spinous process

Module 204: Musculoskeletal system (22 decks)

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