Gait Flashcards
Gait cycle- Stride
The period between the leg touching the ground once, and then again.
Stance
The period in gait, where the foot is on the ground.
The decreases when the speed increase
Swing
The period in gait where the foot is off the ground.
Tasks in gait (purpose of stance and swing)
Stance
- Accepts weight
- Single limb support
Swing
- Limb advancement= the body moving forward to cover distance
Phases of gait
Weight acceptance
- Initial contact
- Loading response
Single limb support
- Mid stance
- Terminal stance
- Pre swing
Initial contact
- Description
- Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
First part of gait cycle
- When the foot is in contact with the ground for the first time in the gait cycle.
Joints:
- Hip flexion
- Knee is neutral/ extended
- Ankle is dorsiflexion/ neural
- 1st MTPJ dorsiflex/ neutral
Loading response
- Description
- Joints
Second stage of gait cycle.
Joints and muscles
- Knee flexion: reduces impact
- Ankle in plantar flexion: more stability, by increasing contact area
- 1 MTPJ joint neutral
- Hip flexion
Terminal stance
Gait cycle- preparing for propulsion.
Muscles and joints:
Ankle in plantar flexion
Knee slightly flexed
Hip fully extend
Calf muscles allows push off
Swing phase gait cycle
Foot is off the ground due to momentum
- Many muscles are not activated due to this
Base of support
Total contact area with the ground
- Centre of mass has to be between base of support
During walking
- Two stance, one stance, two stance = changes in stability, straight line walking.
Turning types
Healthy= spin turn
Neurological problem/ elderly
- Shuffle turn, to keep base support to increase stability
Initial contact
- Muscles (Gracilis, knee flexors/extensors, ankle muscles, hip muscles)
Hip extensors
- Eccentric contraction for flexion control
Gracilis
- Isometric contraction
- Control hip flexion and knee extension
Knee flexors
- Concentric contraction= knee flexion
Knee extensors
- Eccentric contraction= controls knee flexion
Ankle dorsiflexors
- Eccentric contraction= prevents foot slapping
Loading response
- Muscles (Gastrocnemius, knee flexors/extensors, ankle muscles, hip muscles)
Hip extensors
- Concentric contraction= starts hip extension
Knee flexors
- Concentric contraction= keep knee in flexion
Knee extensors
- Eccentric contraction= controls knee flexion
Ankle dorsiflexors
- Eccentric contraction= prevents foot slapping
Ankle plantar flexors
- Concentric contraction= brings foot to ground
Gastrocnemius
- Concentric contraction= knee flexion
Mid-stance
- Description
- Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
Balance of weight on one foot
Joints:
- Hip neutral
- Knee Extension
- Ankle neutral
- 1st MTPJ neutral
Mid-stance
- Muscles (hip, knee, gastric, ankle)
Hip extensors
- Concentric contraction, keep hip extended
Knee flexors
- Eccentric contraction= controls extension
Gastric
- Eccentric= controls extension
Ankle plantar flexors
- Eccentric contraction= stabilise foot
Terminal stance
- Description
- Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
Heel of reference foot rises while its toes are still in contact with the ground
Joints:
- Hip extension
- Knee full extension
- Ankle dorsiflexion
- 1st MTPJ neutral/ dorsiflex
Terminal stance
- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)
Hip flexors
- Eccentric= control hip extension
Gastric
- eccentric contraction= controls knee extension
Ankle plantar flexors
- Eccentric contraction = ankle dorsiflexion
Pre-swing
- Description
- Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
Toes lift off
Joints:
- Hip neutral
- Knee flexion
- Ankle plantar flexion
- 1st MTPJ dorsiflex
Pre-swing
- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)
Hip flexors-
- Concentric= starts flexion
Gracilis
- Concentric contraction= assist knee flexion
Gastroc
- Concentric contraction= brings knee into flexion
Ankel plantar flexor
- Concentric contraction= propels body
Ankle dorsi flexor
- Concentric=Keep foot off ground.
Initial swing
- Description
- Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
Feet off ground
Joints
- Hip neutral
- Knee flexed
- Ankle neutral/ extend
- 1st MTPJ extension/ neutral
Initial swing
- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)
Hip flexors
- Concentric= flexion
Gracilis
- Concentric= knee flexion
Ankle dorsiflexor
- Concentric= foot off ground
Mid-swing
- Description
- Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
Bring foot back to the ground
Joints
- Hip starting to flex
- Knee flexion
- Ankle dorsiflexion
- 1st MTPJ dorsiflex
Mid-swing
- Muscles (hip, knee, gracilis, ankle)
Hip extensors
- Eccentric= control flexion
Gracilis
- Concentric= hip and knee flexion
Knee flexor
- concentric= flex to keep lower leg off ground
Ankle dorsiflexors
- Concentric= keep foot off ground
terminal-swing
- Description
- Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
Joints:
- Hip flexion
- Knee flex/ neutral
- Ankle dorsiflex
- 1MTPJ dorsiflex
