Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Gait cycle- Stride

A

The period between the leg touching the ground once, and then again.

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2
Q

Stance

A

The period in gait, where the foot is on the ground.

The decreases when the speed increase

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3
Q

Swing

A

The period in gait where the foot is off the ground.

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4
Q

Tasks in gait (purpose of stance and swing)

A

Stance

  • Accepts weight
  • Single limb support

Swing
- Limb advancement= the body moving forward to cover distance

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5
Q

Phases of gait

A

Weight acceptance

  • Initial contact
  • Loading response

Single limb support

  • Mid stance
  • Terminal stance
  • Pre swing
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6
Q

Initial contact

  • Description
  • Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
A

First part of gait cycle
- When the foot is in contact with the ground for the first time in the gait cycle.

Joints:

  • Hip flexion
  • Knee is neutral/ extended
  • Ankle is dorsiflexion/ neural
  • 1st MTPJ dorsiflex/ neutral
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7
Q

Loading response

  • Description
  • Joints
A

Second stage of gait cycle.

Joints and muscles

  • Knee flexion: reduces impact
  • Ankle in plantar flexion: more stability, by increasing contact area
  • 1 MTPJ joint neutral
  • Hip flexion
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8
Q

Terminal stance

A

Gait cycle- preparing for propulsion.

Muscles and joints:

Ankle in plantar flexion
Knee slightly flexed
Hip fully extend
Calf muscles allows push off

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9
Q

Swing phase gait cycle

A

Foot is off the ground due to momentum

- Many muscles are not activated due to this

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10
Q

Base of support

A

Total contact area with the ground
- Centre of mass has to be between base of support

During walking
- Two stance, one stance, two stance = changes in stability, straight line walking.

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11
Q

Turning types

A

Healthy= spin turn

Neurological problem/ elderly
- Shuffle turn, to keep base support to increase stability

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12
Q

Initial contact

- Muscles (Gracilis, knee flexors/extensors, ankle muscles, hip muscles)

A

Hip extensors
- Eccentric contraction for flexion control

Gracilis

  • Isometric contraction
  • Control hip flexion and knee extension

Knee flexors
- Concentric contraction= knee flexion

Knee extensors
- Eccentric contraction= controls knee flexion

Ankle dorsiflexors
- Eccentric contraction= prevents foot slapping

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13
Q

Loading response

- Muscles (Gastrocnemius, knee flexors/extensors, ankle muscles, hip muscles)

A

Hip extensors
- Concentric contraction= starts hip extension

Knee flexors
- Concentric contraction= keep knee in flexion

Knee extensors
- Eccentric contraction= controls knee flexion

Ankle dorsiflexors
- Eccentric contraction= prevents foot slapping

Ankle plantar flexors
- Concentric contraction= brings foot to ground

Gastrocnemius
- Concentric contraction= knee flexion

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14
Q

Mid-stance

  • Description
  • Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
A

Balance of weight on one foot

Joints:

  • Hip neutral
  • Knee Extension
  • Ankle neutral
  • 1st MTPJ neutral
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15
Q

Mid-stance

- Muscles (hip, knee, gastric, ankle)

A

Hip extensors
- Concentric contraction, keep hip extended

Knee flexors
- Eccentric contraction= controls extension

Gastric
- Eccentric= controls extension

Ankle plantar flexors
- Eccentric contraction= stabilise foot

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16
Q

Terminal stance

  • Description
  • Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
A

Heel of reference foot rises while its toes are still in contact with the ground

Joints:

  • Hip extension
  • Knee full extension
  • Ankle dorsiflexion
  • 1st MTPJ neutral/ dorsiflex
17
Q

Terminal stance

- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)

A

Hip flexors
- Eccentric= control hip extension

Gastric
- eccentric contraction= controls knee extension

Ankle plantar flexors
- Eccentric contraction = ankle dorsiflexion

18
Q

Pre-swing

  • Description
  • Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
A

Toes lift off

Joints:

  • Hip neutral
  • Knee flexion
  • Ankle plantar flexion
  • 1st MTPJ dorsiflex
19
Q

Pre-swing

- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)

A

Hip flexors-
- Concentric= starts flexion

Gracilis
- Concentric contraction= assist knee flexion

Gastroc
- Concentric contraction= brings knee into flexion

Ankel plantar flexor
- Concentric contraction= propels body

Ankle dorsi flexor
- Concentric=Keep foot off ground.

20
Q

Initial swing

  • Description
  • Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
A

Feet off ground

Joints

  • Hip neutral
  • Knee flexed
  • Ankle neutral/ extend
  • 1st MTPJ extension/ neutral
21
Q

Initial swing

- Muscles (hip, knee, gastroc, ankle)

A

Hip flexors
- Concentric= flexion

Gracilis
- Concentric= knee flexion

Ankle dorsiflexor
- Concentric= foot off ground

22
Q

Mid-swing

  • Description
  • Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
A

Bring foot back to the ground

Joints

  • Hip starting to flex
  • Knee flexion
  • Ankle dorsiflexion
  • 1st MTPJ dorsiflex
23
Q

Mid-swing

- Muscles (hip, knee, gracilis, ankle)

A

Hip extensors
- Eccentric= control flexion

Gracilis
- Concentric= hip and knee flexion

Knee flexor
- concentric= flex to keep lower leg off ground

Ankle dorsiflexors
- Concentric= keep foot off ground

24
Q

terminal-swing

  • Description
  • Joints (hip, knee, ankle, 1st MTPJ)
A

Joints:

  • Hip flexion
  • Knee flex/ neutral
  • Ankle dorsiflex
  • 1MTPJ dorsiflex
25
terminal-swing | - Muscles (hip, knee, gracilis, ankle)
Hip extensor - Eccentric= control flexion Gracilis - Isometric= control hip flexion and knee extension Knee extensor - Concentric= knee to extension Ankle dorsiflexors - Concentric= foot off ground.
26
Types of turning
Step turn Ipisilateral pivot Ipsilateral crossover
27
Base of support
Area pithing an outline of all ground contact points
28
Centre of mass
Average position of all parts of the system | - Weighted according to their masses
29
Compensation in gait in people with OA
Increased usage of hip Increased usage of opposite knee Decreased usage of affected knee Reduced step length