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Module 204: Musculoskeletal system > Anatomy of leg and foot > Flashcards

Anatomy of leg and foot Flashcards

1
Q

Tibiofibular joint

A

Superior and inferior

- Connects tibia to fibula

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2
Q

Tarsal bones

A

Calcaneus (heel bone)

  • Biggest
  • Contains tuberosity and substentaculum tail

Talus (ankle bone)

Cuboid

Navicular

Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate and lateral)

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3
Q

Seasmoid bones

A

Act like pulleys, providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over

On the greater toe
- between the metatarsal and proximal phalanx

Patella

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4
Q

Eversion and Inversion

A

The tipping of the sole of the feet

  • Away from midline= eversion
  • Towards midline= inversion
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5
Q

Supination and pronation of the feet

A

Supination

  • Feet together
  • Weight shifted laterally by sole turning inwardly

Pronation

  • Feet apart
  • Weight shifted medially by turning sole outwardly
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6
Q

Ankle joint

  • Description
  • Type
  • Actions
A

Articulation between talus and tibia/fibula

Type- synovial hinge joint

Actions

  • Dorsi flexion
  • Plantar flexion
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7
Q

Ankle ligaments

  • Types
  • Attachement
  • Function
  • Injury
A

Lateral collateral

  • From lateral malleolus of fibula
  • To talus/ calcaneus
  • Limits inversion of feet
  • More commonly injured in sprains [anterior talofibular]

Medial collateral

  • From medial malleolus of tibia - To talus/ calcaneus/ navicular
  • Limits eversion of feet.
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8
Q

Subtalar joints

  • Description
  • Actions
A

Intertarsal joint- Articulation between talus and calcaneus (+navicular)

Actions
- Inversion + eversion

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9
Q

Transverse tarsal joint

  • Description
  • Actions
  • Importance
A

Compound intarsal of 2 joints

  • Between cuboid and calcaneus
  • Between Talus and navicular

Actions

  • Eversion/inversion
  • Pronation/ supination

Importance

  • Divides hind foot from mid-foot
  • Important for standing on uneven ground.
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10
Q

Plantar aponeurosis

  • Description, including attachment
  • Function
A

Thickening of deep fascia in the plantar side of the foot
- From calcaneus to longitudinal bands into the toes

Function

  • Protects underlying tendons
  • Supports longitudinal arch
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11
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis, due to overuse

- Commonly seen in runners.

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12
Q

Arches of the foot

  • Types
  • Function
A

Longitudinal and transverse arches
- Supported by long tendons, intrinsic plantar muscles, intrinsic ligaments and plantar aponeurosis.

Functions

  • Shock absorption during locomotion
  • Act as spring for propulsion
  • Distribution of weight to calcaneus and ball of foot
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13
Q

Longitudinal arch of the foot

A

Lateral

  • less defined
  • Along calcaneus, cuboid and lateral metatarsal (5th)

Medial

  • More defined, fallen in pes planus
  • Line along medial metatarsals, cuneiforms, navicular and calcaneus bone
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14
Q

Transverse arch of the foot

A

Line along the cuneiforms and cuboid bone on the posterior surface

Is supported by long tendons, mainly fibularis longus

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15
Q

Anterior muscles of the leg

  • Muscles
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

3 Muscles- tendons pass under extensor retinalculum

  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorium longus
  • Extensor hallucis longus

Function

  • Dorsiflexion
  • Inversion of foot

Innervation
- Deep fibular nerve

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16
Q

Posterior muscles of the leg

  • Muscles
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Muscles- tendons pass under flexor retinaculum

  • Superficial: gastrocnemius, soles, plantaris
  • Deep: Flexor digitorium longus, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus.

Action

  • Plantarflexion
  • Inversion
  • Deep muscles flexes toes

Innervated by tibial nerve

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17
Q

Lateral muscles of the leg

  • Muscles
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

[2] Muscles- tendons pass under fibular retinaculum

  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularis brevis

Action
- Eversion of foot

Innervation
- Superficial fibular nerve

18
Q

Tibialis anterior

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Origin- Tibia + adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion- cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

Action

  • Dorsiflexion/ extension
  • Inversion

Innervation
- Deep fibular nerve

19
Q

Extensor digitorium longus

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Origin- Tibia and fibula

Insertion

  • Into extensor hoods
  • Middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Action

  • Dorsiflexion/ extension
  • Inversion

Innervation
- Deep fibular nerve

20
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Origin
- Fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion
- Distal phalanx of great toes

Action

  • Dorsiflexion/ extension of foot
  • Extension of great toe

Innervation
- Deep fibular nerve

21
Q

Gastrocnemius

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Most superficial posterior muscle of the leg
Two heads- medial and lateral
- forms inferior border of popliteal fossa

Origin
- Medial and lateral condyle of femur

Insertion

  • Via tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon)
  • Into posterior calcaneus bone

Action

  • Plantar flexion of foot
  • Flexion at knee

Innervation
- Tibial nerve

22
Q

Soleus

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Deep to gastrocnemius, lateral to leg

Origin
- Tibia and fibula

Insertion
- Via tendo calcaneus into posterior calcaneus

Action
- Plantar flexion of foot

23
Q

Plantaris

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Posterior muscle of the leg

Origin
- Femur

Insertion
- Via tendo calcaneus into posterior calcaneus bone

Action

  • Plantar flexion of the foot
  • Flexion at the knee

Innervation
- Tibial nerve

24
Q

Flexor digitorium longus

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Deep muscle of the posterior leg

Origin
- Tibia

Insertion

  • Tendons crosses tibialis posterior in flexor retinaculum (medially)
  • Base of distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes

Action
- Flexes lateral 4 toes

Innervation
- Tibial nerve

25
Q

Tibialis posterior

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Deep muscle of the posterior leg
- Slightly deep to FDL and FHL

Origin

  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion

  • Medial cuneiform
  • Navicular bone

Action

  • Inversion
  • Plantar flexion
  • Supports medial longitudinal arch

Innervation
- Tibial nerve

26
Q

Flexor hallicus longus

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Deep posterior muscle of the leg

Origin
- Fibular and adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion
- Distal phalanx of greater toe

Action
- Flexion of great toe

Innervation
- Tibial nerve

27
Q

Fibularis longus

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Lateral muscle of the leg

Origin
- Fibula

Insertion

  • Medial cuneiform
  • Base of metatarsal 1

Action

  • Eversion of foot
  • Plantar flexion of foot
  • Supports lateral and transverse arches

Innervation
- Superficial fibular nerve

28
Q

Fibularis brevis

  • Origin and insertion
  • Action
  • Innervation
A

Lateral muscle of the leg

Origin
- Fibula

Insertion
- Tuberosity at the base of metatarsal 5

Action
- Eversion of the foot

Innervation
- Superficial fibular nerve

29
Q

Extensor retinaculum

A

Located at the dorsum of the foot, anterior to ankle joint.

Prevents the bowing of extensor tendons:

  • Extensor digitorium longus
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Tibialis anterior
30
Q

Fibular retinaculum

A

Located lateral to foot, to lateral malleous

Prevents the bowing of lateral muscle tendons

  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularis brevis
31
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A

Located medially in the foot, inferior to medial malleolus

Prevents the bowing of flexor muscle tendons

  • Flexor digitorium longus
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor hallucis longus
32
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the foot

A

Dorsal extensors
- 1 layer

Plantar flexors/ abductors/ adductors
- 4 layers

33
Q

Blood supply to leg

A

Arises from the popliteal artery division

Anterior tibial
- To anterior compartment

Posterior tibial and fibular- within deep flexors
- Supplies posterior and lateral compartment

34
Q

Tarsal tunnel

A

Contents within the flexor retinaculum of the foot
- Location of posterior tibial artery pulse

Contents [TOM DICK AND HARRY]

  • Tibialis [TOM] posterior
  • Flexor digitorium [DICK] longus
  • Posterior tibial artery/vein [A]
  • Tibial nerve [ND]
  • Flexor hallicus [HARRY] longus
35
Q

Plantar arteries

A

Medial, lateral and posterior
– From posterior tibial

Forms deep plantar arch

36
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

From anterior tibial artery
- sits lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon

Anastomosis with deep plantar arch

37
Q

Tibial nerve

A

From sciatic nerve

Supplies motor

  • Posterior leg
  • Plantar intrinsic muscles [medial and lateral plantar nerves]
38
Q

Common fibular nerve

A

Branch of sciatic nerve
- Supplies cutaneous to anterior/lateral/superior leg

Divides into deep and superficial fibula

Deep

  • Motor; Anterior leg, Dorsal intrinsic muscles
  • Cutaneous; between first and second toes

Superficial

  • Motor=Lateral leg
  • Cutaneous= anterio lateral/ inferior leg
39
Q

Foot drop

A

Damage to common fibular nerve

- Cannot dorsiflex foot

40
Q

Sural nerve

A

Branch of tibial nerve

Sensory
- Posterior/lateral leg and hind foot

41
Q

medial and lateral plantar nerves

A

From tibial nerve

- Supplies sole of feet

Module 204: Musculoskeletal system (22 decks)

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