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physical anthropology ⋆·˚ ༘ * > ˗ˏˋ primates ´ˎ˗ > Flashcards

˗ˏˋ primates ´ˎ˗ Flashcards

1
Q

what class are primates in?

A
  • class mammalia
  • having fur or hair
  • producing milk from mammary glands
  • being warm-blooded
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2
Q

how old is the primate order?

A

about 90 million years old.

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3
Q

what is homology?

A

a similar trait found in different species because it was inherited from a common ancestor.

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4
Q

what is analogy?

A

a similar trait found in different species that arose independently.

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5
Q

what is a clade?

A
  • a grouping based on ancestral relationships; a branch of the evolutionary tree
  • the african clade grouping of humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos
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6
Q

what is the asian clade?

A

a grouping that includes orangutans and their extinct relatives.

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7
Q

what are grades?

A
  • a grouping based on overall similarity in lifestyle, appearance, and behavior.
  • placing orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees into a group, and excluding humans.
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8
Q

what are ancestral traits?

A

a trait that has been inherited from a distant ancestor.

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9
Q

what are derived traits?

A

a trait that has been recently modified, most helpful when assigning taxonomic classification.

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10
Q

what are generalized traits?

A
  • a trait that is useful for a wide range of tasks
  • opposable thumbs
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11
Q

what are specialized traits?

A
  • a trait that has been modified for a specific purpose
  • horse hooves for running
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12
Q

what are primate traits?

A
  • reliance on vision (many primates can see in trichromatic color, meaning reds, blues, yellows, and greens)
  • postorbital bar (a bony ring that surrounds the eye socket, open at the back)
  • large brains
  • extended life histories
  • arboreal
  • tactile pads
  • short snouts
  • live in tropics
  • pentadactyly
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13
Q

what are evolutionary trade-offs?

A

when an organism, which is limited in the time and energy it can put into aspects of its biology and behavior, is shaped by natural selection to invest in one adaptation at the expense of another.

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14
Q

what does it mean to be arboreal?

A

a descriptor for an organism that spends most of its time in trees.

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15
Q

what does it mean to be pentadactyly?

A

having five digits or fingers and toes.

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16
Q

what are tactile pads?

A
  • sensitive skin at the fingertips for sense of touch
  • animals with a prehensile tail have a tactile pad on the underside of the tail as well
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17
Q

what does it mean to be heterodont?

A

having different types of teeth.

18
Q

what does it mean to be homodont?

A

having only one type of tooth.

19
Q

what does it mean to be sexually dimorphic?

A

when a species exhibits sex differences in morphology, behavior, hormones, and/or coloration.

20
Q

what is a diastema?

A

a space between the teeth, usually for large canines to fit when the mouth is closed.

21
Q

what is a dental formula?

A
  • the number of each type of tooth in one quadrant of the mouth, written as number of incisors: canines: premolars: molars
  • 2:1:3:3 (new world monkeys)
  • 2:1:2:3 (old world monkeys, apes, humans)
22
Q

what are frugivores?

A
  • having a diet of mainly fruit
  • broad molars, rounded cusps
  • intermediate digestive systems
23
Q

what are insectivores?

A
  • having a diet of mainly insects
  • small molars, pointed cusps
  • simple stomachs
24
Q

what are folivores

A
  • having a diet of mainly leaves
  • broad molars, sharp cusps
  • specialized digestive systems
25
Q

what are gummivores?

A

having a diet consisting primarily of gums and saps.

26
Q

what is an activity pattern?

A
  • refers to the time of day an animal is typically active
  • diurnal (daytime)
  • nocturnal (nighttime)
  • cathemeral (24-hours)
27
Q

what is locomotion?

A
  • how an organism moves around
  • vertical climbing/leaping (animal grasps a vertical branch with its body upright, pushes off with long hind legs, and then lands on another vertical support branch)
  • quadrupedalism (four legs)
  • bipedal (two legs)
  • brachiation (organism swings below branches using the forelimbs)
  • semi-brachiation (organism swings below branches using a combination of forelimbs and prehensile tail)
28
Q

what is the gibon?

A
  • one of the lesser apes
  • 20 species
  • geographic range from eastern bangladesh to northern india to southern china and indonesia
  • typically mate for life
  • use brachiation for 80% of movement
29
Q

what is the suborder strepsirrhini?

A
  • long snout
  • wet nose (for scent marking)
  • small bodies
  • solitary (lives alone)
  • grooming claw
  • tooth comb
  • two groups split 65 mya (the lemurs and lorises, pottos, and galagos)
30
Q

what is the suborder haplorrhini?

A
  • good vision
  • short, dry nose
  • large brains and bodies
  • broad teeth
  • quadrupedal
  • sexual dimorphism (body and canine size)
  • in social groups
  • divided into three infraorders (tarsiiformes, platyrrhini, and catarrhini)
31
Q

what does it mean to be monomorphic?

A

when males and females of a species do not exhibit significant sexual dimorphism.

32
Q

what are the tarsiiformes of asia?

A
  • dry nose
  • eyes close together
  • vertical leapers
  • nocturnal
  • small
  • large eyes
  • grooming claws
  • faunivorous
  • a haplorrhine
33
Q

what are the platyrrhini of central and south america?

A
  • “new world monkeys”
  • flat nose
  • round, pointed nostrils
  • highly arboreal
  • less sexually dimorphic
  • 2:1:3:3 dental formula
  • polymorphic color vision (males being dichromatic and females being either trichromatic or dichromatic)
34
Q

what are the catarrhini of asia and africa?

A
  • teardrop-shaped nose
  • downward-pointing nostrils
  • large bodies
  • sexually dimorphic
  • terrestrial
  • 2:1:2:3 dental formula
  • trichromatic color vision
35
Q

what are the cercopithecoidea of africa and asia?

A
  • quadrupedal
  • molars with two ridges
  • seat pads
  • geographically widespread
  • two groups (leaf and cheek-pouch monkeys)
36
Q

what are the hominoidea of africa and asia?

A
  • y-5 molars
  • brachiation
  • slow life history
  • consists of the hylobatidae, pongo, gorilla, pan, and homo
37
Q

what is the hylobatidae of southeast asia

A
  • lesser apes
  • pair bonded
  • low sexual dimorphism
  • gibbons (around 13 pounds, fruigvores)
  • siammangs (around 25 pounds, folivores, throat sacs)
38
Q

what is the pongo of southeast asia?

A
  • orangutans
  • frugivorous
  • diurnal
  • solitary
  • highly sexually dimorphic
  • male bimaturism (alternative reproductive strategies in orangutans in which males can delay maturation, sometimes indefinitely, until a fully mature, “flanged” male disappears)
  • sagittal crest (a bony ridge along the top/middle of the skull, used for attachment of chewing muscles)
39
Q

what is the gorilla of africa?

A
  • folivores
  • knuckle-walking
  • sexual dimorphism
  • live in groups (females with one male silverback)
40
Q

what is the pan of africa?

A
  • frugivores
  • knuckle-walking
  • fission-fusion
  • moderate sexual dimorphism
  • split into two species (chimpanzee and bonobo)
41
Q

what is the homo?

A
  • no tail
  • brachiation-adapatations
  • y-5 molars
  • extended life history
  • large brain
  • shared DNA (98% with pan, 96% with gorilla)

physical anthropology ⋆·˚ ༘ * (23 decks)

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