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physical anthropology ⋆·˚ ༘ * > ˗ˏˋ modern homo sapiens ´ˎ˗ > Flashcards

˗ˏˋ modern homo sapiens ´ˎ˗ Flashcards

1
Q

what type of traits do humans have?

A

mosaic (gradually and out of sync with one another).

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2
Q

what are human skeletal traits?

A
  • modern skeleton is considered gracile (thinner and smoother)
  • modern have a more globular braincase
  • forehead tied to frontal lobe expansion
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3
Q

what is a brain case?

A

upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain.

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4
Q

what is a supraorbital torus?

A

bony ridge across the top of the eye orbits on many hominin crania.

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5
Q

what is a mental eminence?

A
  • chin on the mandible of modern homo sapiens
  • one of the defining traits of our species
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6
Q

why do modern homo sapiens have a different frame?

A
  • better for long-distance running
  • cools an active body in hotter climates
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7
Q

what is a generalist-specialist niche?

A
  • ability to survive in a variety of environments by developing local expertise
  • evolution toward this niche may have been what allowed modern homo sapiens to expand past the geographical range of other human species
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8
Q

what is african muliregionalism?

A
  • idea that modern homo sapiens evolved as a complex web of small regional populations with sporadic gene flow among them
  • gracile frame and neurological anatomy allowed modern humans to survive and flourish in a variety of environments
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9
Q

what are early modern homo sapiens (or early anatomically modern humans)?

A
  • refers to transitional fossils between archaic modern homo sapiens that have a mosaic of traits.
  • humans like ourselves, who mostly lack archaic traits, are referred to as late modern homo sapiens and simply anatomically modern humans
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10
Q

what is jebel irhoud?

A
  • jebel irhoud, morocco
  • site where at least five individuals were found, representing life stages from childhood to adulthood
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11
Q

what is the lower omo valley?

A
  • in ethiopia
  • omo kibish hominins
  • site where three individuals were found dating back 233,000 years ago
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12
Q

what is herto?

A
  • in ethiopia
  • site where fossilized crania of two adults and a child were found, along with fragments of other individuals (unidentified)
  • stone tools found
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13
Q

what is the middle stone age?

A

time period known for mousterian lithics that connects african archaic to modern homo sapiens.

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14
Q

what is the late stone age?

A

time period following the middle stone age with a diversification in tool types, starting around 50,000 years ago.

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15
Q

why did stone tools from the middle stone age remain the same?

A
  • all similar because if not broke, don’t fix it
  • no art has been found in this time period (yet)
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16
Q

what is the blombos cave, south africa?

A
  • located along the present shore of the cape of africa
  • toolmaking and artistry were more complex than previously thought for middle stone age
  • found on site: two intact ochre-processing kits, 100,000 years ago and marine snail shell beads dating 75,000 years ago
  • complexity shows a deep understanding of and relationship with the surrounding landscape
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17
Q

what is the border cave, south africa?

A
  • dated in the later stone age
  • changes in technology dating around 43,000 years ago
  • stone-tool production changed from slower to faster processes
  • microliths (small and precise stone tools, also called bladelets)
  • also found on site: beads made of ostrich eggs
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18
Q

what are the main ideas of modern homo sapiens in africa?

A
  • finds like in jebel irhoud show that early modern homo sapiens had a wide range across middle pleistocene africa
  • change from the middle Stone Age to later stone age was fast but not immediate
  • emergence of culture evidenced by art (beads)
  • our ability to adapt helped us spread knowledge of tool making and art throughout different groups
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19
Q

what are modern homo sapiens in the middle east?

A
  • amazing environment for fossils
  • caves of mount carmel provided preserved skeletal remains and artifacts of modern homo sapiens, the first known group living outside of africa
20
Q

what is skhul v?

A
  • found in caves of mount carmel
  • shows many modern homo sapiens traits (globular crania, gracile postcranial bones) but also had some archaic traits (occipital bunning)
  • found with a boar’s jaw on his chest
21
Q

what is qafzeh 11?

A
  • also found in modern day Israel
  • juvenile with healed cranial trauma
  • found with an impressive deer antler rack placed over his torso
22
Q

what is the fuyan cave?

A
  • found in southern china
  • 47 adult teeth dating between 120,000 to 80,000 years ago
  • oldest known modern human site in china
23
Q

what is the liujiang hominin?

A
  • 67,000 years ago
  • nearly complete skull
  • taller forehead than archaic h. sapiens
  • enlarged occipital region
  • mix of modern and archaic traits
24
Q

what are the main ideas of modern homo sapiens in the middle east and asia?

A
  • humans were biologically diverse and had complex relationships with their environment
  • people adapted to a variety of climates and environments, thanks to our generalist diet and big brains
  • culture and art started to show up more prevalently
25
Q

what are humans in australia?

A
  • expansion of humans out of asia followed the coasts
  • probably followed megafauna
26
Q

what is lake mungo?

A
  • skeletal remains are the oldest known from the continent
  • now-dry lake
  • 2 individuals dating around 40,000 years ago show artistic and symbolic behavior
  • had intentional burials
27
Q

what is the kow swamp?

A
  • yielded skeletal remains that looked starkly different from those found at lake mungo
  • between 9,000 and 20,000 years ago
  • extremely robust brow ridges and thick bone walls
28
Q

what is the madjedbebe rock shelter (northern territory of australia)?

A
  • over 10,000 artifacts have been found at this location
  • no fossil human remains
  • diverse array of stone tools and different shades of ochre for rock art, including mica-based reflective pigment (like glitter)
  • artifacts date as far back as 56,000 years ago
  • earliest known presence of humans in australia
29
Q

what are humans in europe?

A
  • wo possible reasons it took us awhile to get into europe: neanderthals and it’s cold as hell
  • traveled during the upper paleolithic (time period considered synonymous with the later stone age)
  • by 40,000 years ago we had a visible presence in europe
30
Q

what is the peștera cu oase (cave of bones), romania?

A
  • 40,000 years ago
  • bones and teeth of many animals
  • fragmented cranium of one person and the mandible of a different person
  • this mandible has yielded DNA that is very similar to that of a modern human’s DNA
  • they were direct ancestors of modern europeans
31
Q

what is předmostí u přerova in czech republic?

A
  • 26,000 years ago
  • over 30 individuals were buried here
  • in one grave there were 18 people buried, some covered with wooly mammoth scapulae
  • evidence of dog domestication
32
Q

what is european technology?

A
  • gravettian tradition
  • 33,000-21,000 years ago
  • atlatl (handheld spear thrower that increased the force of thrown projectiles)
33
Q

what is european art?

A
  • venus figurines (up to 33,000 years ago)
  • cave art (31,000 years ago)
34
Q

how did humans come to america?

A
  • still debated how and when we got here
  • but by at least 25,000 years ago it was only homo sapiens left, everyone else was gone
  • some came over by way of beringia
  • others may have come by way of the coasts
35
Q

what was the south like in america?

A
  • rapid spread and diversification
  • no hominin competition
  • plenty of megafauna (eating was good)
36
Q

what is clovis culture?

A
  • first example of a widespread culture across much of north america
  • dates between 13,400 to 12,700 years ago
  • clovis points were fluted with 2 small projections on either side
  • spread as far as new mexico (town named after) up to the canadian border
  • clovis sites also contain remains of mammoths or mastodons, suggesting hunting of megafauna
37
Q

what is the assimilation hypothesis?

A

current theory of modern human origins stating that the species evolved first in africa and interbred with archaic humans of europe and asia.

38
Q

what is foraging?

A
  • lifestyle consisting of frequent movement through the landscape and acquiring resources with minimal storage capacity
  • foragers typically live in bands
  • ability to adapt and forage in a variety of environments aided us in our expansion and evolution
39
Q

what is agriculture?

A

mass production of resources through farming and domestication.

40
Q

what is the neolithic revolution?

A

time of rapid change to human cultures due to the invention of agriculture, starting around 12,000 years ago.

41
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

amount of organisms that an environment can reliably support.

42
Q

what is the last glacial maximum?

A

time 23,000 years ago when the most recent ice age was the most intense.

43
Q

what is the younger dryas?

A
  • the rapid change in global climate, notably a cooling of the northern hemisphere, 13,000 years ago
  • changing climates could have pressured foragers to stay put, rather than their nomadic lifestyle
44
Q

when was agriculture invented?

A

beginning around 12,000 years ago, various groups of humans around the globe independently invented it.

45
Q

what is sedentarism?

A

lifestyle based on having a stable home area; the opposite of nomadism.

46
Q

what is urbanization?

A

increase of population density as people settled together in cities.

47
Q

what is monumental architecture?

A
  • large and labor-intensive constructions that signify the power of the elite in a sedentary society
  • common type is the pyramid, a raised crafted structure topped with a point or platform

physical anthropology ⋆·˚ ༘ * (23 decks)

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