˗ˏˋ exam three´ˎ˗

Question 1

what are horizontal excavations?

Answer 1

• an excavation for which the goal is to excavate a broad area in order to expose the remains of a single point in time
• more shallow

Question 2

what is vertical excavation?

Answer 2

• an excavation for which the goal is to excavate a significant depth of deposits in order to expose the record of a sequence of occupations
• deeper

Question 3

what are artifacts?

Answer 3

• objects that show traces of human manufacture
• examples include tools and vessels, as well as the waste resulting from a manufacturing process
  lithic analysis is the study of stone tools
• ceramic analysis is the study of pottery and other objects made of fired clay
• metallurgy is the study of metal artifacts and the by-products of smelting

Question 4

what is archaeological theory?

Answer 4

ideas that archaeologists have developed about the past and about the ways we come to know the past.

Question 5

what is the paleolithic period?

Answer 5

• about 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.
• where humans lived with now-extinct animals
• also called the old stone age

Question 6

what is the neolithic revolution?

Answer 6

time of rapid change to human cultures due to the invention of agriculture, starting around 12,000 years ago.

Question 7

what is emic?

Answer 7

• an approach to archaeological or anthropological analysis that attempts to understand the meanings people attach to their actions and culture
• em, me, insider perspective

Question 8

what is natufian?

Answer 8

societies in the middle east that practiced a broad-spectrum subsistence strategy that relied on a wide range of resources.

Question 9

what are longhouses?

Answer 9

long rectangular structures, measuring up to 30 meters (98 feet) long, and housing extended families.

Question 10

what is mesopotamia?

Answer 10

• a region along the course of the tigris and euphrates rivers centered in modern iraq
• lots of wetlands, that have become arid climates
• because most of the neolithic homes were made of organic materials, they are not found in the archaeological record

Question 11

what is cuneiform?

Answer 11

• a writing system in which signs were impressed in wet clay
• was used to write a range of languages, including sumerian and akkadian

Question 12

what is the pharoah’s curse?

Answer 12

• pharaoh tutankhamun, aka “king tut”
• tomb was discovered and opened in 1923, by howard carter (british archaeologist) and team
• there was no curse discovered in this tomb, however there had already been rumors of curses on anyone that would rob a pharaoh’s tomb
• about 6 weeks after the opening of the tomb, lord carnarvon (who financed the expedition) died of an infected mosquito bite
• 8 people (of the original 58) who entered the tomb, died of various causes over the next decade
• carter either survived the curse, or the curse took a very long time because he died in 1939

Question 13

what is the thera/santornini?

Answer 13

• a cycladic island that was devastated by a major volcanic eruption during the bronze age
• volcano erupted around 1600-1500 BCE
• many gorgeous frescos of life in a minoan society including ships for trade and combat

Question 14

who is gordon v. childe?

Answer 14

• 1892-1957, australian archaeologist
• powerful visual memory allowed him to make comparisons and recognize patterning in the archaeological collections across europe
• shifted the focus from artifacts to societies of people living in a network of social and economic relations
• was a politically active marxist who emphasized the social organization of production and revolutionary change in human societies
• inspired by working with soviet archaeologists, as well as the work of US ethnographer lewis henry morgan
• helped steer archaeology towards the study of ancient cultures, rather than just the recovery of objects

Question 15

what are ecofacts?

Answer 15

objects recovered from an archaeological context that are either the remains of biological organisms or the results of geological processes.

Question 16

what are thunderstones?

Answer 16

objects such as ground stone axes that people in medieval europe believed were formed in spots where lightning struck the earth.

Question 17

what is the neolithtic period?

Answer 17

• 10,000–4,500 BC
• there are polished stone tools
• also called the new stone age

Question 18

what is cultural ecology?

Answer 18

the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments.

Question 19

what are venus figures?

Answer 19

• any upper palaeolithic statuette portraying a woman, usually carved in the round
• named due to the commonly misunderstood arms as “missing” like on the famous statue venus de milo

Question 20

how are plastered skulls, the paris catacombs, and the skull chapel in poland related?

Answer 20

• plastered skulls are human skulls on which a plaster face has been modeled; found buried beneath floors on sites dating to the pre-pottery neolithic b period
• the pairs catacombs have human remains that were removed from cemeteries and relocated to catacombs for space. now it is available to tour, but many areas are collapsed
• the skull chapel in poland was built in 1776, contains remains from over 3,000 people and human remains from 30 year war, as well as natural causes. built as a shrine for those who died prematurely, as well as serve as a reminder of our own mortality
• all related as they are forms of decorating with human remains

Question 21

what is an egalitarian society?

Answer 21

a society in which the only differences in status are based on skill, age, and gender.

Question 22

what is the ziggurat?

Answer 22

a stepped pyramid found in many mesopotamian temple precincts.

Question 23

what is the cylinder seal?

Answer 23

• one of the methods developed by mesopotamian scribes to mark ownership
• they were made by carving scenes onto cylinders of stone. the cylinder seal was then rolled across fresh clay or mud, leaving behind an impression
• used to seal both vessels, and rooms

Question 24

what is the mycenaean?

Answer 24

• a bronze age society that developed on the peloponnese peninsula and in central greece
• portrayed as aggressive warriors
• the core of the society was the palace

Question 25

what is the role of domestication in the andes?

Answer 25

• llamas and alpacas
• domestication of potatoes in the dates back at least 3,000 years

Question 26

what is the role of nepal and the great plunder?

Answer 26

• refer to documentary notes
• people are reselling nepal cultural pieces for money
• even museums may participate in this
• trying to bring back cultural items to where they were

Question 27

what is a stress response?

Answer 27

• a predictable response to any significant threat to homeostasis
• the human stress response involves the central nervous system and the endocrine system acting together
• sudden and severe stress incites the “flight or flight” response from the autonomic nervous system in conjunction with hormones secreted by the adrenal and pituitary glands, increasing our heart rate and breathing and releasing glucose from the liver for quick energy

Question 28

what are zoonoses?

Answer 28

diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

Question 29

what are the health consequences from agriculture and domestication?

Answer 29

• SOCIAL HIERARCHIES AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
• UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BASIC RESOURCES
• CONCENTRATING INFECTIOUS DISEASE AMONG THE POOR AND MALNOURISHED
• FOOD DESERTS

Question 30

what are food deserts?

Answer 30

AN AREA THAT HAS LIMITED ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE AND NUTRITIOUS FOOD, IN CONTRAST WITH AN AREA WITH HIGHER ACCESS TO SUPERMARKETS OR VEGETABLE SHOPS WITH FRESH FOODS, WHICH IS CALLED A FOOD OASIS.