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physical anthropology ⋆·˚ ༘ * > ˗ˏˋ introduction ´ˎ˗ > Flashcards

˗ˏˋ introduction ´ˎ˗ Flashcards

1
Q

anthropology is derived from what two greek words?

A
  • anthropos: humans
  • logos: study of
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2
Q

what is holism?

A

the idea that the parts of a system interconnect and interact to make up the whole.

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3
Q

what is fieldwork?

A

practical work conducted by a researcher in the natural environment, rather than in a laboratory or office.

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4
Q

who is zhang qian (164BC – 113BC)?

A
  • military officer in china assigned by emperor wu of han.
  • travelled china for 25 years and learned about many cultures. he shared what he learned with the emperor who used this establish connections.
  • discovered many trade routes (e.g.: silk road).
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5
Q

who is abu abdullah muhammad ibn battuta (aka ibn battuta) (1304CE – 1369CE)?

A
  • amazigh (berber) moroccan muslim scholar who travelled 30 years throughout islamic world (europe, sub-saharan africa, india and china).
  • documented customs and cultures in book tuhfat al-anzar fi gharaib al-ansar wa ajaib al-asfar (a gift to those who contemplate the wonders of cities and the marvels of traveling), shortened to al rihla (travels).
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6
Q

what is the “age of discovery” (1400s-1700s CE)?

A

it was the europeans’ turn to explore but also to colonize.

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7
Q

what is ethnocentrism?

A

the opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or correct and the only true way of being fully human.

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8
Q

what was the “age of enlightenment”?

A

emphasis and embracement of science and ideas like evolution led to the idea of unilinear evolution.

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9
Q

who was henry lewis morgan (1818-1881)?

A
  • proposed unlined evolution. - made the first ethnography by chance with the seneca of new york (was their lawyer).
  • referred to living societies of native americans as “living fossils.”
  • concluded that societies evolved in the same steps:
    savagery – barbarism - civilization.
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10
Q

what is empirical evidence?

A

evidence that is verifiable by observation or experience instead of relying primarily on logic or theory.

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11
Q

who was franz boas (1858-1942)?

A
  • father of american anthropology
  • created the american four subfield approach to anthropology with archaeology, cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, and linguistics.
  • said that biology (race) did not determine cultural achievements
  • argued against unilinear evolutionism.
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12
Q

what is participant observation?

A

a research method common in cultural anthropology that involves living with, observing, and participating in the same activities as the people one studies.

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13
Q

who was bronislaw malinowski (1884-1942)?

A
  • polish anthropologist who lived on the trobriand islands from 1914 to 1916.
  • his original plan was not to stay for so long, but WWI kept him there.
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14
Q

what are the sub-disciplines?

A

cultural anthropology, linguistics, archaeology, biological/physical anthropology and sometimes applied anthropology.

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15
Q

what is cultural anthropology?

A
  • also known as social or sociocultural anthropology, it is the study of customary practices in human behavior, thought, and feelings.
  • focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures.
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16
Q

what did cultural anthropology used to be?

A

it was mainly white scientists living among an indigenous group and studying them as an outsider. however, this has changed as our understanding of societies and humans grew.

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17
Q

what is cultural relativism?

A

the anthropological practice of suspending judgment and seeking to understand another culture on its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living.

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18
Q

what is the view of cultural anthropology?

A

that culture is integrated and patterned.

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19
Q

who was margaret mead (1901-1978)?

A
  • she studied teenage and women’s lives in samoa.
  • wrote the book coming of age in samoa in 1928.
  • described culture as a force that created almost endless possibilities.
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20
Q

what is the ideal timing for fieldwork?

A

about one year as it gives the opportunity to experience all holidays and seasons.

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21
Q

what is linguistic anthropology?

A

it researches the relationships between language, thought and culture.

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22
Q

how many languages exist today?

A

over 6,000.

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23
Q

what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?

A

also know as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, it is the principle that the language one speaks allows them to think about some things and not other things.

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24
Q

what is archaeology anthropology?

A
  • studies human culture through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data.
  • includes tools, pottery, hearths, and enclosures that remain as cultural practices in the past, as well as human, plant, and marine remains, some that date back 2.5 million years.
  • reflects specific human ideas and behaviors.
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25
Q

what is prehistoric archaeology?

A

archaeologists who survey, excavate, and analyze material remains to study civilizations that lacked written records.

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26
Q

what is historical archaeology?

A

archaeologists who excavate and analyze material remains to supplement a society’s written records.

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27
Q

what is physical/biological anthropology?

A
  • the study of human origins.
  • some biological anthropologists study non-human primates.
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28
Q

what are hominins?

A

species that are regarded as human, directly ancestral to humans, or very closely related to humans.

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29
Q

what did jane goodall’s research demonstrate?

A

chimpanzees make tools, socialize their young, and have emotional social lives similar to humans.

30
Q

what is applied anthropology?

A
  • rather than its own sub-discipline, it is used throughout all of them.
  • a good anthropologist will combine applied and academic approaches to research.
  • an example of combining the applied and the theoretical is medical anthropology.
31
Q

what are the six subfields of biological anthropology?

A

primatology, paleoanthropology, molecular anthropology, bioarchaeology, forensic anthropology, and human biology.

32
Q

what are the things humans have in common with non-human primates?

A

tool use, crows and octopi, social groups, and cooperative relationships.

33
Q

who is dian fossey?

A
  • found that gorillas have families and form strong maternal-infant relationships.
  • discovered that they mourn the loss of members in a group and that they enjoy playing and tickling.
34
Q

what is paleoanthropology?

A

the study of our human ancestors from distant past to learn how, why, and where they evolved.

35
Q

when were neanderthals around?

A

about 120,000-35,000 years ago in ice age europe.

36
Q

what does it mean to be bipedal?

A

habitually using only two legs to walk, modern non-human primates have the ability to walk bipedly, but not for long periods of time.

37
Q

who is donald c. johanson?

A

paleoanthropologist who is most well know for discovering the remains of a 3.2-million-year-old fossilized skeleton of australopithecus afarensis (or lucy).

38
Q

what is molecular anthropology?

A
  • uses molecular techniques (primarily genetics) to compare ancient and modern populations and to study living populations of humans and nonhuman primates.
  • researches how closely related two populations are, and more.
39
Q

what is bioarchaeology?

A
  • studies human skeletal remains and the soils and other materials found in and around the remains and uses research methods from osteology, mortuary studies, archaeology, and skeletal biology.
  • looks for how people lived and died, either ancestors or modern humans.
40
Q

who is otzi the iceman (3300 BCE)?

A
  • one of the oldest humans discovered in the alps.
  • he is said to have lived over 5,200 years ago.
41
Q

what is forensic anthropology?

A
  • develops biological profile of unidentified individuals including sex, age at death, height, ancestry, and diseases.
  • similar research techniques as bioarchaeology and often works closely with law enforcement.
  • heavily into the applied sub-discipline.
42
Q

who is kathy reichs?

A
  • real life bones (and author of series).
  • she worked on teams to identify victims in rwanda, guatemala, and the world trade center disaster (9/11).
  • one of 100 anthropologists certified by the american board of forensic anthropology and is on the board of directors of the american academy of forensic sciences.
43
Q

what is human biology?

A

many biological anthropologists do work that qualifies as human biology.

44
Q

what is human variation?

A

the range of forms of any human characteristic, such as body shape or skin color.

45
Q

what is human adaptation?

A

the ways in which human bodies, people, or cultures change, often in ways better suited to the environment or social context.

46
Q

what sub-discipline of anthropology is the most “sciencey”?

A

physical anthropology.

47
Q

what does science study?

A

the physical and natural world, and how it works.

48
Q

what does science focus on?

A

natural phenomenon and natural processes.

49
Q

what is special about science?

A

it is tested and refutable.

50
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A
  • an explanation of observed facts.
  • explains how and why observed phenomena are the way they are.
  • rely on empirical evidence.
  • are testable and are able to be refuted.
51
Q

what is the scientific method?

A

old version is the linear model and new version is more of a cycle.

52
Q

what is scholarly peer review?

A

the process where an author’s work must pass the scrutiny of other experts in the field before being published in a journal or book.

53
Q

what is a theory?

A

an explanation of observations that typically addresses a wide range of phenomena.

54
Q

what is a law?

A

a prediction about what will happen given certain conditions; typically mathematical.

55
Q

what is a knowledge system?

A

a unified way of knowing that is shared by a group of people and is used to explain and predict phenomena.

56
Q

what is scientific understanding?

A

knowledge accumulated by systematic scientific study, supported by rigorous testing and organized by general principles.

57
Q

what is a religious belief?

A

a firmly held opinion or conviction typically based on spiritual apprehension rather than empirical proof.

58
Q

what is religious faith?

A

complete trust or confidence in the doctrines of a religion, typically based on spiritual apprehension rather than empirical proof.

59
Q

what is special about science and religion?

A

they often work closely together.

60
Q

what do many scientists depend on?

A

local indigenous knowledge when it comes to elements of natural world.

61
Q

what is indigenous?

A

refers to people who are the original settlers of a given region and have deep ties to that place.
- also known as first peoples, aboriginal peoples, or native peoples.
- these populations are in contrast to other groups who have settled, occupied, or colonized the area more recently.

62
Q

who is eve of naharon?

A

dated to 13,600 years ago, she is (as of today) the oldest known north american skeleton.

63
Q

who is philippe bourgois (1956–) ?

A

argued that both individual choices and social inequality can trap people in the overlapping worlds of drugs and poverty.

64
Q

who is benjamin whorf (1897–1941)?

A
  • observed that whereas the english language has grammatical tenses to indicate past, present, and future, the hopi language does not; instead, it indicates whether or not something has “manifested.”
  • argued that this grammatical difference causes english and hopi speakers to think about time in distinct ways.
65
Q

who is ekkehart malotki (1938–)?

A

argued against whorf by claiming that the hopi language does, in fact, have linguistic terms for time and that a linear sense of time may be universal.

66
Q

who is kathleen kenyon (1906–1978)?

A
  • british archaeologist who discovered city structures and cemeteries built during the early bronze age.
  • argued that jericho is the oldest city continuously occupied by different groups of people for thousands of years.
67
Q

who is paul farmer (1959–2022)?

A
  • did fieldwork and wrote books that contextualize the suffering of haitians in relation to historical, social, and political conditions.
  • took action by co-founding partners in health, a nonprofit organization that establishes health clinics in resource-poor countries and trains local staff to administer care.
68
Q

what is comparison?

A

the use comparative approaches to compare and contrast data from different populations, from groups within a population, or from the same group over time.

69
Q

what is dynamism?

A

how human’s ability to change, both biologically and culturally, has enabled them to persist over millions of years and to thrive in different environments.

70
Q

what percentage of primates face extinction?

A

about 60%.

physical anthropology ⋆·˚ ༘ * (23 decks)

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