˗ˏˋ introduction ´ˎ˗

Question 1

anthropology is derived from what two greek words?

Answer 1

• anthropos: humans
• logos: study of

Question 2

what is holism?

Answer 2

the idea that the parts of a system interconnect and interact to make up the whole.

Question 3

what is fieldwork?

Answer 3

practical work conducted by a researcher in the natural environment, rather than in a laboratory or office.

Question 4

who is zhang qian (164BC – 113BC)?

Answer 4

• military officer in china assigned by emperor wu of han.
• travelled china for 25 years and learned about many cultures. he shared what he learned with the emperor who used this establish connections.
• discovered many trade routes (e.g.: silk road).

Question 5

who is abu abdullah muhammad ibn battuta (aka ibn battuta) (1304CE – 1369CE)?

Answer 5

• amazigh (berber) moroccan muslim scholar who travelled 30 years throughout islamic world (europe, sub-saharan africa, india and china).
• documented customs and cultures in book tuhfat al-anzar fi gharaib al-ansar wa ajaib al-asfar (a gift to those who contemplate the wonders of cities and the marvels of traveling), shortened to al rihla (travels).

Question 6

what is the “age of discovery” (1400s-1700s CE)?

Answer 6

it was the europeans’ turn to explore but also to colonize.

Question 7

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 7

the opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or correct and the only true way of being fully human.

Question 8

what was the “age of enlightenment”?

Answer 8

emphasis and embracement of science and ideas like evolution led to the idea of unilinear evolution.

Question 9

who was henry lewis morgan (1818-1881)?

Answer 9

• proposed unlined evolution. - made the first ethnography by chance with the seneca of new york (was their lawyer).
• referred to living societies of native americans as “living fossils.”
• concluded that societies evolved in the same steps:
  savagery – barbarism - civilization.

Question 10

what is empirical evidence?

Answer 10

evidence that is verifiable by observation or experience instead of relying primarily on logic or theory.

Question 11

who was franz boas (1858-1942)?

Answer 11

• father of american anthropology
• created the american four subfield approach to anthropology with archaeology, cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, and linguistics.
• said that biology (race) did not determine cultural achievements
• argued against unilinear evolutionism.

Question 12

what is participant observation?

Answer 12

a research method common in cultural anthropology that involves living with, observing, and participating in the same activities as the people one studies.

Question 13

who was bronislaw malinowski (1884-1942)?

Answer 13

• polish anthropologist who lived on the trobriand islands from 1914 to 1916.
• his original plan was not to stay for so long, but WWI kept him there.

Question 14

what are the sub-disciplines?

Answer 14

cultural anthropology, linguistics, archaeology, biological/physical anthropology and sometimes applied anthropology.

Question 15

what is cultural anthropology?

Answer 15

• also known as social or sociocultural anthropology, it is the study of customary practices in human behavior, thought, and feelings.
• focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures.

Question 16

what did cultural anthropology used to be?

Answer 16

it was mainly white scientists living among an indigenous group and studying them as an outsider. however, this has changed as our understanding of societies and humans grew.

Question 17

what is cultural relativism?

Answer 17

the anthropological practice of suspending judgment and seeking to understand another culture on its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living.

Question 18

what is the view of cultural anthropology?

Answer 18

that culture is integrated and patterned.

Question 19

who was margaret mead (1901-1978)?

Answer 19

• she studied teenage and women’s lives in samoa.
• wrote the book coming of age in samoa in 1928.
• described culture as a force that created almost endless possibilities.

Question 20

what is the ideal timing for fieldwork?

Answer 20

about one year as it gives the opportunity to experience all holidays and seasons.

Question 21

what is linguistic anthropology?

Answer 21

it researches the relationships between language, thought and culture.

Question 22

how many languages exist today?

Answer 22

over 6,000.

Question 23

what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?

Answer 23

also know as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, it is the principle that the language one speaks allows them to think about some things and not other things.

Question 24

what is archaeology anthropology?

Answer 24

• studies human culture through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data.
• includes tools, pottery, hearths, and enclosures that remain as cultural practices in the past, as well as human, plant, and marine remains, some that date back 2.5 million years.
• reflects specific human ideas and behaviors.

Question 25

what is prehistoric archaeology?

Answer 25

archaeologists who survey, excavate, and analyze material remains to study civilizations that lacked written records.

Question 26

what is historical archaeology?

Answer 26

archaeologists who excavate and analyze material remains to supplement a society’s written records.

Question 27

what is physical/biological anthropology?

Answer 27

• the study of human origins.
• some biological anthropologists study non-human primates.

Question 28

what are hominins?

Answer 28

species that are regarded as human, directly ancestral to humans, or very closely related to humans.

Question 29

what did jane goodall’s research demonstrate?

Answer 29

chimpanzees make tools, socialize their young, and have emotional social lives similar to humans.

Question 30

what is applied anthropology?

Answer 30

• rather than its own sub-discipline, it is used throughout all of them.
• a good anthropologist will combine applied and academic approaches to research.
• an example of combining the applied and the theoretical is medical anthropology.

Question 31

what are the six subfields of biological anthropology?

Answer 31

primatology, paleoanthropology, molecular anthropology, bioarchaeology, forensic anthropology, and human biology.

Question 32

what are the things humans have in common with non-human primates?

Answer 32

tool use, crows and octopi, social groups, and cooperative relationships.

Question 33

who is dian fossey?

Answer 33

• found that gorillas have families and form strong maternal-infant relationships.
• discovered that they mourn the loss of members in a group and that they enjoy playing and tickling.

Question 34

what is paleoanthropology?

Answer 34

the study of our human ancestors from distant past to learn how, why, and where they evolved.

Question 35

when were neanderthals around?

Answer 35

about 120,000-35,000 years ago in ice age europe.

Question 36

what does it mean to be bipedal?

Answer 36

habitually using only two legs to walk, modern non-human primates have the ability to walk bipedly, but not for long periods of time.

Question 37

who is donald c. johanson?

Answer 37

paleoanthropologist who is most well know for discovering the remains of a 3.2-million-year-old fossilized skeleton of australopithecus afarensis (or lucy).

Question 38

what is molecular anthropology?

Answer 38

• uses molecular techniques (primarily genetics) to compare ancient and modern populations and to study living populations of humans and nonhuman primates.
• researches how closely related two populations are, and more.

Question 39

what is bioarchaeology?

Answer 39

• studies human skeletal remains and the soils and other materials found in and around the remains and uses research methods from osteology, mortuary studies, archaeology, and skeletal biology.
• looks for how people lived and died, either ancestors or modern humans.

Question 40

who is otzi the iceman (3300 BCE)?

Answer 40

• one of the oldest humans discovered in the alps.
• he is said to have lived over 5,200 years ago.

Question 41

what is forensic anthropology?

Answer 41

• develops biological profile of unidentified individuals including sex, age at death, height, ancestry, and diseases.
• similar research techniques as bioarchaeology and often works closely with law enforcement.
• heavily into the applied sub-discipline.

Question 42

who is kathy reichs?

Answer 42

• real life bones (and author of series).
• she worked on teams to identify victims in rwanda, guatemala, and the world trade center disaster (9/11).
• one of 100 anthropologists certified by the american board of forensic anthropology and is on the board of directors of the american academy of forensic sciences.

Question 43

what is human biology?

Answer 43

many biological anthropologists do work that qualifies as human biology.

Question 44

what is human variation?

Answer 44

the range of forms of any human characteristic, such as body shape or skin color.

Question 45

what is human adaptation?

Answer 45

the ways in which human bodies, people, or cultures change, often in ways better suited to the environment or social context.

Question 46

what sub-discipline of anthropology is the most “sciencey”?

Answer 46

physical anthropology.

Question 47

what does science study?

Answer 47

the physical and natural world, and how it works.

Question 48

what does science focus on?

Answer 48

natural phenomenon and natural processes.

Question 49

what is special about science?

Answer 49

it is tested and refutable.

Question 50

what is a hypothesis?

Answer 50

• an explanation of observed facts.
• explains how and why observed phenomena are the way they are.
• rely on empirical evidence.
• are testable and are able to be refuted.

Question 51

what is the scientific method?

Answer 51

old version is the linear model and new version is more of a cycle.

Question 52

what is scholarly peer review?

Answer 52

the process where an author’s work must pass the scrutiny of other experts in the field before being published in a journal or book.

Question 53

what is a theory?

Answer 53

an explanation of observations that typically addresses a wide range of phenomena.

Question 54

what is a law?

Answer 54

a prediction about what will happen given certain conditions; typically mathematical.

Question 55

what is a knowledge system?

Answer 55

a unified way of knowing that is shared by a group of people and is used to explain and predict phenomena.

Question 56

what is scientific understanding?

Answer 56

knowledge accumulated by systematic scientific study, supported by rigorous testing and organized by general principles.

Question 57

what is a religious belief?

Answer 57

a firmly held opinion or conviction typically based on spiritual apprehension rather than empirical proof.

Question 58

what is religious faith?

Answer 58

complete trust or confidence in the doctrines of a religion, typically based on spiritual apprehension rather than empirical proof.

Question 59

what is special about science and religion?

Answer 59

they often work closely together.

Question 60

what do many scientists depend on?

Answer 60

local indigenous knowledge when it comes to elements of natural world.

Question 61

what is indigenous?

Answer 61

refers to people who are the original settlers of a given region and have deep ties to that place.
- also known as first peoples, aboriginal peoples, or native peoples.
- these populations are in contrast to other groups who have settled, occupied, or colonized the area more recently.

Question 62

who is eve of naharon?

Answer 62

dated to 13,600 years ago, she is (as of today) the oldest known north american skeleton.

Question 63

who is philippe bourgois (1956–) ?

Answer 63

argued that both individual choices and social inequality can trap people in the overlapping worlds of drugs and poverty.

Question 64

who is benjamin whorf (1897–1941)?

Answer 64

• observed that whereas the english language has grammatical tenses to indicate past, present, and future, the hopi language does not; instead, it indicates whether or not something has “manifested.”
• argued that this grammatical difference causes english and hopi speakers to think about time in distinct ways.

Question 65

who is ekkehart malotki (1938–)?

Answer 65

argued against whorf by claiming that the hopi language does, in fact, have linguistic terms for time and that a linear sense of time may be universal.

Question 66

who is kathleen kenyon (1906–1978)?

Answer 66

• british archaeologist who discovered city structures and cemeteries built during the early bronze age.
• argued that jericho is the oldest city continuously occupied by different groups of people for thousands of years.

Question 67

who is paul farmer (1959–2022)?

Answer 67

• did fieldwork and wrote books that contextualize the suffering of haitians in relation to historical, social, and political conditions.
• took action by co-founding partners in health, a nonprofit organization that establishes health clinics in resource-poor countries and trains local staff to administer care.

Question 68

what is comparison?

Answer 68

the use comparative approaches to compare and contrast data from different populations, from groups within a population, or from the same group over time.

Question 69

what is dynamism?

Answer 69

how human’s ability to change, both biologically and culturally, has enabled them to persist over millions of years and to thrive in different environments.

Question 70

what percentage of primates face extinction?

Answer 70

about 60%.