˗ˏˋ diversity ´ˎ˗ Flashcards
what was domesticated in ethophia and erithea in africa?
- grains such as teff and finger millet, which are essential to the local diet
- coffee
who two cereals were critical for central africa?
- pearl millet and sorghum
- most likely that pearl millet was first domesticated in the sahara, but the location where sorghum was first domesticated is not known
what crop was domesticated in western africa?
african rice.
what is the sahara desert?
- most dominant feature of the north african landscape today
- between 14,000 and 4,500 years ago, there was increased rainfall in the area, allowing for human occupation
- small villages of hunter-gatherers/foragers developed in this area
- similar cultures to the natufian culture
- differences include: pottery and storage pits in use in africa, before the middle east
what is nabta playa?
- an area in the egyptian western desert that was the location of a series of preagricultural and early agricultural sites located along the edge of a lake
- village of 15 square or circular huts, in two rows
- occupied around 9,000 years ago
- storage pits near each structure
- pottery – small jars with impressed designs
- a lot of plant remains found, showing that the inhabitants really liked wild sorghum
what is uan afuda?
- preagricultural site in the sahara that yielded evidence that wild sheep were kept in pens in the back of a cave
- occupied between 9,000 and 8,000 years ago
- amazing preservation at site: wooden artifacts, basketry, rich array of charcoal and seeds
- on site, 10-centimeter-deep bed of animal dung and plant remains found in the back of the cave (dung belongs to wild barbary sheep)
- not technically domesticated, but an early form of animal management
what is gobero?
- s site in the sahara alongside an ancient lake where a hunter-gatherer occupation dating to between 9,700 and 8,200 years ago has been discovered
- site included a cemetery
- occupation/village located on a peninsula, in large lake
- fish made up most of the peoples’ diet
- artifacts recovered: barbed bone points, bladelets, and pottery
what are pastoral societies?
mobile societies with an economy based on herds of domesticated animals.
what did north africa domesticate before plants?
- most domesticated animals prior to plants
- by 8,000 years ago, domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats were widely found throughout sahara and north africa
what was new guinea connected to during the glacial period?
- it was connected to australia and tasmania
- currently divided into independent country papua new guinea, and the indonesian province of irian jaya
what does the role of pigs and sweet potatoes play in new guinea?
used for subsistence and social hierarchy/political power.
what did new guinea domesticate?
yams, bananas, taro, and possibly sugarcane.
what is kuk swamp?
- site in highland new guinea that has produced early evidence of agriculture
- evidence of trying to drain swamp, and change landscape: drainage canals, pits, and earth mounds
- banana cultivation beginning around 6,500 years ago
what are the andes?
- second highest mountain chain in the world at 22,838 ft at highest point
- mountain range divided into four zones, with different agricultural abilities/climate
what is the humboldt current?
a current that brings cool waters from the south up along the andean coast, accounting for the remarkable wealth of marine resources in the area.
what is the guitarrero cave?
- a site in the andean highlands of peru where excavations uncovered the earliest evidence of domesticated beans dating to 4,300 years ago
- there was some confusion/disagreement about the date of these beans. they had been moved in the stratigraphic record, by burrowing critters
what is panaulauca cave?
cave where a small number of quinoa seeds have been found in layers dating to between 5,700 and 4,500 years ago.
what family are llamas and alpacas?
- camelid/camelidae which consists of dromedary camels, bactrian camels, wild bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos
- very beginning of camelid domestication began as early as 10,000 years ago
what animals were domesticated in the andes?
llamas and alpacas.
what is machu picchu?
- often referred to as the “lost city of the incas”
- built around 1450 CE, abandoned during spanish colonization
what is paloma?
- preagricultural village site on the coast of peru
- inhabited intermittently between 8,000 and 5,000 years ago
- houses were built of reeds and grasses over a structure of wooden poles
- 98% of the faunal remains recovered were marine animals and shellfish
what role do burials play in the andes?
- shows close relationship between humans of area, and the sea
- 8 skeletons were found with auditory exostoses, a growth in the inner ear caused by spending long periods in cold water
- burial 159 shows a young man,who was relatively healthy except for missing leg. pelvis shows evidence that it may have been removed via shark
what is the cotton precernamic?
- period beginning 5,700 years ago when sites with monumental architecture flourished on the coast of peru
- named, for the prevalence of cotton seeds, and absence of pottery, within the archaeological record
what is aspero?
a large flat-topped pyramid known as huaca de los êdolos is dated to between 5,500 and 4,500 years ago
what is caral?
has six large artificial mounds, the largest of which measures 160 meters by 150 meters and is 18 meters high, dated to between 4,000 and 3,500 years ago
what is an el-niño?
- severe reversal of the humboldt current that causes a massive decline in marine resources along the andean coast, occurs every 25 to 40 years
- often a massive decline in fish and shellfish populations on the coast, as well as torrential rains on the shore, which cause massive flooding and mudslides
- started around 6,000 years ago but was probably less frequent. this is around when the cotton preceramic time begins
- many theorize that it played a role in pushing the development of large centers with a partial reliance on agriculture
what two crops did china domesticate?
- rice and millet
- today, rice feeds half of the world’s population
- rice was domesticated in southern china
- millet was domesticated in northern china
what is the yangtze and huai river valleys?
the area of southern china where rice was domesticated.
what plants did southern china domesticate?
water caltrop and fox nut, two crops that grow similarly to rice.
what animals did southern china domesticate?
dogs, pigs, and water buffalo.
what is the yellow river valley?
area in northern china where millet was domesticated.
what are the two types of millet?
broomcorn and foxtail millet.
what animals did northern china domesticate?
pigs, and possibly chickens.
what is jomon?
- japanese preagricultural societies that lived in large villages and produced elaborate pottery
- they lived in villages of up to 50 homes
- hunter-gatherers with an emphasis on fish and shellfish
- rice and millet agriculture was introduced into japan only during the late komon period, around 3,000 years ago
what is the pengtoushan?
a site in southern china that has produced some of the earliest evidence of domesticated rice, dating to approximately 9,000 years ago.
what is jiahu?
- a village site near huai river region
- occupied between 9,000 and 8,000 years ago
- 45 houses, storage pits and graves
- also uncovered six complete flutes made from the long bones of the red-crowned crane
what is cishan?
a site in northern china that has yielded dates of 10,000 years ago for domesticated millet.
what is yangshao culture?
a neolithic culture in northern china that is particularly well represented in the village site of banpo.
what is banpo?
- large farming village located in the yellow river valley (china) dating to the yangshao culture
- contains both round semi-subterranean houses and rectangular houses built on ground level
- fully domesticated: millet, dogs, and pigs
- used: wild plants and animals including fish, fruits and nuts
- pottery found includes vessels with elaborate painted decorations
what is hemudu?
- well-preserved ricefarming village in southern china contemporaneous to banpo
- the houses were skillfully built of wood and raised on piles above the waters of a river or pond that existed on the spot
- fully domesticated: rice, dogs, pigs, and waterbuffalo
- used: wild plants and animals
what was the process of agriculture like?
- it was gradual, not a revolution
- involved changes to the landscape, flora, fauna, social structures and cosmology
