˗ˏˋ diversity ´ˎ˗

Question 1

what was domesticated in ethophia and erithea in africa?

Answer 1

• grains such as teff and finger millet, which are essential to the local diet
• coffee

Question 2

who two cereals were critical for central africa?

Answer 2

• pearl millet and sorghum
• most likely that pearl millet was first domesticated in the sahara, but the location where sorghum was first domesticated is not known

Question 3

what crop was domesticated in western africa?

Answer 3

african rice.

Question 4

what is the sahara desert?

Answer 4

• most dominant feature of the north african landscape today
• between 14,000 and 4,500 years ago, there was increased rainfall in the area, allowing for human occupation
• small villages of hunter-gatherers/foragers developed in this area
• similar cultures to the natufian culture
• differences include: pottery and storage pits in use in africa, before the middle east

Question 5

what is nabta playa?

Answer 5

• an area in the egyptian western desert that was the location of a series of preagricultural and early agricultural sites located along the edge of a lake
• village of 15 square or circular huts, in two rows
• occupied around 9,000 years ago
• storage pits near each structure
• pottery – small jars with impressed designs
• a lot of plant remains found, showing that the inhabitants really liked wild sorghum

Question 6

what is uan afuda?

Answer 6

• preagricultural site in the sahara that yielded evidence that wild sheep were kept in pens in the back of a cave
• occupied between 9,000 and 8,000 years ago
• amazing preservation at site: wooden artifacts, basketry, rich array of charcoal and seeds
• on site, 10-centimeter-deep bed of animal dung and plant remains found in the back of the cave (dung belongs to wild barbary sheep)
• not technically domesticated, but an early form of animal management

Question 7

what is gobero?

Answer 7

• s site in the sahara alongside an ancient lake where a hunter-gatherer occupation dating to between 9,700 and 8,200 years ago has been discovered
• site included a cemetery
• occupation/village located on a peninsula, in large lake
• fish made up most of the peoples’ diet
• artifacts recovered: barbed bone points, bladelets, and pottery

Question 8

what are pastoral societies?

Answer 8

mobile societies with an economy based on herds of domesticated animals.

Question 9

what did north africa domesticate before plants?

Answer 9

• most domesticated animals prior to plants
• by 8,000 years ago, domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats were widely found throughout sahara and north africa

Question 10

what was new guinea connected to during the glacial period?

Answer 10

• it was connected to australia and tasmania
• currently divided into independent country papua new guinea, and the indonesian province of irian jaya

Question 11

what does the role of pigs and sweet potatoes play in new guinea?

Answer 11

used for subsistence and social hierarchy/political power.

Question 12

what did new guinea domesticate?

Answer 12

yams, bananas, taro, and possibly sugarcane.

Question 13

what is kuk swamp?

Answer 13

• site in highland new guinea that has produced early evidence of agriculture
• evidence of trying to drain swamp, and change landscape: drainage canals, pits, and earth mounds
• banana cultivation beginning around 6,500 years ago

Question 14

what are the andes?

Answer 14

• second highest mountain chain in the world at 22,838 ft at highest point
• mountain range divided into four zones, with different agricultural abilities/climate

Question 15

what is the humboldt current?

Answer 15

a current that brings cool waters from the south up along the andean coast, accounting for the remarkable wealth of marine resources in the area.

Question 16

what is the guitarrero cave?

Answer 16

• a site in the andean highlands of peru where excavations uncovered the earliest evidence of domesticated beans dating to 4,300 years ago
• there was some confusion/disagreement about the date of these beans. they had been moved in the stratigraphic record, by burrowing critters

Question 17

what is panaulauca cave?

Answer 17

cave where a small number of quinoa seeds have been found in layers dating to between 5,700 and 4,500 years ago.

Question 18

what family are llamas and alpacas?

Answer 18

• camelid/camelidae which consists of dromedary camels, bactrian camels, wild bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos
• very beginning of camelid domestication began as early as 10,000 years ago

Question 19

what animals were domesticated in the andes?

Answer 19

llamas and alpacas.

Question 20

what is machu picchu?

Answer 20

• often referred to as the “lost city of the incas”
• built around 1450 CE, abandoned during spanish colonization

Question 21

what is paloma?

Answer 21

• preagricultural village site on the coast of peru
• inhabited intermittently between 8,000 and 5,000 years ago
• houses were built of reeds and grasses over a structure of wooden poles
• 98% of the faunal remains recovered were marine animals and shellfish

Question 22

what role do burials play in the andes?

Answer 22

• shows close relationship between humans of area, and the sea
• 8 skeletons were found with auditory exostoses, a growth in the inner ear caused by spending long periods in cold water
• burial 159 shows a young man,who was relatively healthy except for missing leg. pelvis shows evidence that it may have been removed via shark

Question 23

what is the cotton precernamic?

Answer 23

• period beginning 5,700 years ago when sites with monumental architecture flourished on the coast of peru
• named, for the prevalence of cotton seeds, and absence of pottery, within the archaeological record

Question 24

what is aspero?

Answer 24

a large flat-topped pyramid known as huaca de los êdolos is dated to between 5,500 and 4,500 years ago

Question 25

what is caral?

Answer 25

has six large artificial mounds, the largest of which measures 160 meters by 150 meters and is 18 meters high, dated to between 4,000 and 3,500 years ago

Question 26

what is an el-niño?

Answer 26

• severe reversal of the humboldt current that causes a massive decline in marine resources along the andean coast, occurs every 25 to 40 years
• often a massive decline in fish and shellfish populations on the coast, as well as torrential rains on the shore, which cause massive flooding and mudslides
• started around 6,000 years ago but was probably less frequent. this is around when the cotton preceramic time begins
• many theorize that it played a role in pushing the development of large centers with a partial reliance on agriculture

Question 27

what two crops did china domesticate?

Answer 27

• rice and millet
• today, rice feeds half of the world’s population
• rice was domesticated in southern china
• millet was domesticated in northern china

Question 28

what is the yangtze and huai river valleys?

Answer 28

the area of southern china where rice was domesticated.

Question 29

what plants did southern china domesticate?

Answer 29

water caltrop and fox nut, two crops that grow similarly to rice.

Question 30

what animals did southern china domesticate?

Answer 30

dogs, pigs, and water buffalo.

Question 31

what is the yellow river valley?

Answer 31

area in northern china where millet was domesticated.

Question 32

what are the two types of millet?

Answer 32

broomcorn and foxtail millet.

Question 33

what animals did northern china domesticate?

Answer 33

pigs, and possibly chickens.

Question 34

what is jomon?

Answer 34

• japanese preagricultural societies that lived in large villages and produced elaborate pottery
• they lived in villages of up to 50 homes
• hunter-gatherers with an emphasis on fish and shellfish
• rice and millet agriculture was introduced into japan only during the late komon period, around 3,000 years ago

Question 35

what is the pengtoushan?

Answer 35

a site in southern china that has produced some of the earliest evidence of domesticated rice, dating to approximately 9,000 years ago.

Question 36

what is jiahu?

Answer 36

• a village site near huai river region
• occupied between 9,000 and 8,000 years ago
• 45 houses, storage pits and graves
• also uncovered six complete flutes made from the long bones of the red-crowned crane

Question 37

what is cishan?

Answer 37

a site in northern china that has yielded dates of 10,000 years ago for domesticated millet.

Question 38

what is yangshao culture?

Answer 38

a neolithic culture in northern china that is particularly well represented in the village site of banpo.

Question 39

what is banpo?

Answer 39

• large farming village located in the yellow river valley (china) dating to the yangshao culture
• contains both round semi-subterranean houses and rectangular houses built on ground level
• fully domesticated: millet, dogs, and pigs
• used: wild plants and animals including fish, fruits and nuts
• pottery found includes vessels with elaborate painted decorations

Question 40

what is hemudu?

Answer 40

• well-preserved ricefarming village in southern china contemporaneous to banpo
• the houses were skillfully built of wood and raised on piles above the waters of a river or pond that existed on the spot
• fully domesticated: rice, dogs, pigs, and waterbuffalo
• used: wild plants and animals

Question 41

what was the process of agriculture like?

Answer 41

• it was gradual, not a revolution
• involved changes to the landscape, flora, fauna, social structures and cosmology