Primate taxonomy and characteristics of each Flashcards
Four extant primates as evolutionary grades
- Prosimians
- Old world monkeys
- New wold monkeys
- apes
List of some prosimians
- Lemurs
- Lorises
List of evolutionary grade prosimians
- Lemurs
- Lorises
- Tarsiers
Taxonomy of Prosimians
- Order: Primates
- Suborder : Strepsirhini
- Infraorder: Lemurformes
- Parvorder: none
- Superfamily: Lemuroidea and Lorisoidea
Taxonomy for Tarsiiforms
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: tarsiiforms
Taxonomy of New World Monkeys
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Anthropoidea
Parvorder: Platyrrhini
Super family: Ateloidea
Family: Pitheciidae, Cebidae, atelidae
List of New world monkeys
- Ateloidea
- Pitheciidae
- Sakis, titis, and Uakaris
- Cebidae
- Squirrel Monkeys, Capuchins, Owl Monkeys, and Marmosets
- Atelidae
- Howlers, Spider monkeys, and Muriquis
- Pitheciidae
Taxonomy for Old World Monkeys
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Anthropoidea
Parvorder: Catarrhini
Super family: Cercopithecoidea
Family: Ceropithecidae
Subfamily: ceropithecinae, colobinae
List of some Old world monkeys
-
Subfamily: Cercopithecinae
- Baboons, Macaques, Guenona
-
Subfamily: Colobinae
- Colobus secies, Languis
Taxonomy for hominoidea
(Apes and Humans)
Order: Primates
Suborder: Anthropoidea
Infraorder: Catarrhini
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hylobatidae, Pongidae, Hominidae
Genus: Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, Homo
Species: Pygmaeus, Gorilla, Troglodytes, Sapiens
Taxonomy for Hylobatidae
(gibbons and siamangs)
Order: primates
Suborder: Catarrhini
Parvorder: Hominoidea
Superfamily: Hylobatidae
Taxonomy for Pongidae
(The great apes)
Order: Primates
Suborder: Hominoidea
Family: Pongidae
Subfamily: none
Genus: Pongo, Gorilla, Pan
Species: Pygmaeus, Gorilla, Trogiodytes
List of some Pongidae
(The great apes)
- Pongidae
- Subfamily: Ponginae:
- Orangutans
- Subfamily: Gorillinae:
- Gorillas
- Subfamily: Homininae
- Chimpanzees and Bonobos
- Subfamily: Ponginae:
List of Hominidae
(humans)
- Family: Hominidae
- Subfamily: Homo
- Species: sapiens
Prosimian characteristics
- Most are nocturnal
- insect import in diet
- Tend to be smaller than other primates
- Tend to be solitary
- Greater reliance on olfaction
- Moist rhinarium
- Vision less develped
- Faster maturation rates
- More specialized dentition
- Vertical-Clinging and leaping mode of locomation
- Less elaborate social behavior and organiation
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Lemurs Characteristics
- 60 species
- Madagascar
- Good grasping ability
- good vision
- depth perception and color not as well develped
- Nals vs. Claws
- Single births
- Moist rhinarium
- Scent glands
- Attached upper lip
- Reflective layer on retina
Adaptive Radiation
An evolutionary phenomenon where a group of closely related organisims evolve morphological and behavioral features enabling then to exploit different ecological niches (exploit resources that other might not) (starting out from one point then they radiated out to many niches) (Example of this: Lemurs how they have radiated into different ecological areas and have evolved morphologial and behavioral to exploit different niches like becoming insecteverous, somenector, some fralevorous -plants, some granevours- seeds)
Characteriscs of Lorisidea
(Suborder: Strespsirhini)
Lorisidea
- 8-10 species
- Distributioin: Africa Asia
- Africa: pottos and Buschbabies
- Asia: Slow and slender lorises
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Characteristics of Tarsiformes
- 5 species
- Distributioin Islands of South East Asia
- Prosimians-like characteristics
- small
- nocturnal
- insectivorous
- specialzed dentition
- unelaborated social behavior and organization
- Anthropoid-like characteristics
- decreased snout and olfaction
- no moist rhinarium
- closure of eye socket
- more rounded skull
- untethered uper lip
Anthropoid Characteristics
- Size: anthropoids tend to be larger than prosimians
- more generalized dentition
- brains more elaborate and larger relative to body weight
- better vision
- Olfaction: smaller snouts, less emphasis on smell
- Locomotion: not vertial clingers and leapers
- Each stage of development tends to be longer
- More complex social interactions and social organizations
- Temporal separation: use resources at different times
- Niche separation: exploit different ecological niches
- Spatial separation: groups maintain some from of separation in space
- Home range: the area used by a primate or primate group during a one year period
- Core area: the part, or parts, of a home range most extensively utilized
- Territory: a home range, or part of a home range, that is actively defended against conspecific
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Benefits to live in a group large family
- protection
- physical
- safety in numbers (survalience)
- Some parts of enviornment is better suited if its exploited by a group instead of individual
- older primates remember past resources
- Because young take long time to become adult
- Social (need the attention of others)
- grooming
- hygenic: cleans ecto parasites
- lessons tensions
- to get close to female when ovulating
- Priniperous(first time mother) Prinimvorous(two or more times mother) used grooming to get close to priniperous to see baby*
- grooming
Monkey Evolutionary grade (OWM and NWM. Remember this is grade not taxonomy)
Old world monkeys and New wold monkeys
- infraorder: anthropoidea
- Parvorder: Plataride(flat rhini nose) (all new wold monkeys)
- Parvorder: Cladarides (down turn nose) (old world monkeys and apes)
- All monkeys have tails
- Larger from prosimians but smaller then apes
- quadrupedalism
OWM vs. NWM
OWM vs NWM 2
NEW WORLD MONKEYS EVOLUTIONARY GRADE
Three seprate evolutionary grades (the big ones and the small ones)
Family : Callitrichinae, atelidae, cebidae
Evolutionary grade for Callitrichinae
(smaller ones)
- 21 to 50 species
- general characteristics
- small in size
- attached upper lip
- many have twin births
- claws on all digits except big toe
- Olfaction important in communication
- mated-pairs or polyandrous groups
- males active in care of the young
- dental formula 2.1.3.2
- basically omnivorous
- two general types: Marmosets and tamarins
- Most charactoristics are derived, they came about a a form of functional complex; helped them adapt to particular enviornment they were exploiting
other facts of Callitrichinae
- Smaller to exploit enviornment
- (hyrbrodation rate) evolved to have twins instead of tweeking reproductive cycle of female.
- males take care of babies for females can get enough nutrisian
- most brightly color, flamboyent because of the attached upper lip they loose facial communiation they had to find another way of visual communication
Evolutionary grade of Cebidae and Atelidae
- Probably more then 50 species
- general characteristics
- more complex social behavior and organization
- unattached upper lip
- some species have prehensiled tails(larger the monkey the likely they will have prehensiled tail)
- single births
- dental formula 2.1.3.3
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Old World Monkeys Evolutionary grade
Colobines vs Cercpithecines
Ceropithecines
- Africa
- baboon-like monkeys (9 species)
- Guenons (22 species)
- Asia
- Macaques (15-19 species)
Colobines
- Africa
- colobus monkeys (7 species)
- Asia
- Langurs (40 species)
Apes taxonomy
- Taxonomy: Suborder Anthropoidea
- Superfamily: Hominoidea (Hominoids)
Anatomical characteristics of Hominoids
- no tail
- shortened trunk
- dorsal-Ventral flattening of the thorax
- Scapula more dorsally placed
- Clavicle lengthened and more robust
- Forelimbs elongated
- Broader, more bowl-shaped pelvis
- More flexible shoulders, elbows, and wrists
- Y-5 pattern to lower molars
- Increased breain size and “intelligence”
