Chapter 4 Flashcards
Hybrid
offspring of parents of different ancestry
Allele
Alternative form of same gene
homozygous
having the same alleles at given locus
Heterozygous
Having different alleles at a given locus
Dominant alleles
Alleles that prevant the expression of recessive alleles
Ressesive alleles
Alleles that are not expressed in a heterozygous individuals
Codominance
The express of both alleles
Genotype
The gene found at a paticular locus or the complete genetic make up of an organisim
Phenotype
The observed or measerable charactartics of an organisim.
Principle of segregation
- Genes, the unite of hereditary, exist within individual pairs
- The paris are segregated during the production of gametes so that each gamete has only one of each kind
Principle of Independent Assortment
Distribution of one pair of genes into gametes does not influence the distribution of another pair. It is random
Genetic factors that influence inheritance
- Multiple alleles
- Polygenic traits
- Pleiotropy: doesnt cause one phenotype but many
- Linkage: one allele links to another allele
- Sex link traits
- Enviornment
Population is the unit that ________
Evolves
(change in a gene frequency)
Population genetics
Study of living populations through the measurment of gene frequency
Population
A group of conspecifics that occupy a more or less well defined geographic region and are potentially capble of successful reproduction
Gene frequency
Numeric indicator of an interbreeding group of individuals
Gene pool
Total compliment of genes in a population
Blood groups
Clases of sugar molecules found on the membrane of blood cells that can be detected by the use of appropriate antibodies.
-Which sugar are found on the membranes are the result of specific proteins
Antigenes
protiens that the body recognizes as foreign
Micro-evolution
Small changes occuring with species, such as a change in allele frequency.
Macro-Evolution
change produced only after many generations such as the appeareance of a new species
Hardy Wienberg equilabrium
A base line principle that allows population geneticist to predict what the genotype frequences, based on observed allele frequency, should be if a population is not evolving.
5 conditions of Hary Wienburg equilibrium
- No mutation
- infinantly large population
- closed population/ no gene flow
- random mating
- equal reproductive rates
Why do we study Hardy Weienburg Equilibrium
- Demonstrate population is evolving
- gives us a way to generate hypothesis
- Provides us a way to test our hypothesis
In p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
What does each represent
p2: homozygous dominant genotype frequency
2pq: Heterozygous genotype frequence
q2: homozygous reccessive genotype frequency
p: dominant allele
q: recessive allele
