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Anthropology 205 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Natural selection

A

the most critical mechanism for evolutionary change; described by charles darwin

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2
Q

fixity of species

A

the notion that species, once created, can never change

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3
Q

cell

A

smallest unit that can be considered to be alive

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4
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

Somatic cells

A

make up structures of body

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6
Q

gametes

A

sex cells that make spermatoza and ova

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7
Q

Zygote

A

The single cell that is formed when an egg and sperm cell unite

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8
Q

What are Chromosomes

A

humans have 46 chromosomes
arranged in 23 pairs
22 autosome and one pair of sex chromosomes x and y

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9
Q

Define chromosome

A

bodies found in the nucleus that contains genetic material

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10
Q

Chromatid

A

Strands of replicated chromosome

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11
Q

karyotype

A

classification and arrangement of photographed chromosomes

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12
Q

Locus

A

physical location on a chromosome where a gene is found

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13
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

chromosomes with corresponding loci. They share the same genes but no necessarily the same alleles.

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Normal cell division. Most form of cell division

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15
Q

Meiosis

A

the form of cell division that produces gametes

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16
Q

Evolution

A

a change of gene frequency OF A POPULATION over time

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17
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for a specific product (protein)

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18
Q

nucleotide

A

building blocks of DNA molecule

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19
Q

Two major functions of DNA

A

Replication and Protein synthesis

20
Q

Codon

A

biochemistry a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or messenger RNA molecule

21
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides on a strand of transfer RNA that can form base pairs with a specific trinucleotide sequence on a strand of messenger RNA during translation

22
Q

Mutation

A

Alterations in the genetic material

23
Q

two kinds of mutations

A

Chromosomal and point

24
Q

Chromosomal Mutations

A 
change in number
change in structure 
-deletion
-duplication
-inversion
-translocation
25
Q

point mutation

A

deletions
additions
substitutions

26
Q

natural selection

A

Mechanism of evolutionary change

27
Q

Fixity of species

A

Notion that species, once created, can never change. Fijesas de las especias

28
Q

reproductively isolated

A

pertaining to groups of organisms that mainly because of genetic differences are prevented from mating and producing offspring with members of other groups

29
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

in taxonomy whereby genus and species names are used to refer to species

30
Q

Taxonomy

A

the branch in science that uses rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships

31
Q

Catastrophism

A

view that earths geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events

32
Q

uniformitarianism

A

theory that the earths features are the result of longterm processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past

33
Q

fitness

A

pertaining to natural selection, a measure of reproductive success of individuals

34
Q

reproductive success

A

the number of reproductive offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age. an individuals genetic contribution to the next generation

35
Q

selective pressures

A

forces in the environment that influences reproductive success in individuals

36
Q

genome

A

the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species

37
Q

biological continuity

A

when expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories, they exist on a continuum

38
Q

somatic cells divide by

A

mitosis

39
Q

gamete cells divide by

A

meiosis

40
Q

two major functions of a DNA

A

replication and Protein Synthesis

41
Q

nucleotides made of 3 basis

A

phosphate sugar and a base (Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine ATCG)

42
Q

what are the back bone to a nucleotide

A

phosphate and sugar

43
Q

spiral shape

A

double helix

44
Q

explain DNA replication

A

Enzymes comes and breaks hydrogen bond
bases are now open
free flowing nucleotides connect to proper base available
forms a new strand and using phosphate and sugar connect it all together

45
Q

Explain protein Synthesis

A

transcription

  • Enzyme separates a part of a DNA
  • sends free flowing RNA and they connect to open available basis
  • new mRNA is made and sent out of nucleus to ribosome

Translation

  • ribosome is like a factory and sole purpose is to make protein.
  • body sends tRNA to ribosome
  • body sends mRNA to robosome
  • ribosome connects tRNA with open basis on mRNA.
  • New protein DNA is made

Anthropology 205 (10 decks)

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