Primary and Mestatic Tumors

Question 1

you have an increased risk for brain tumors when exposed to what type of radiation?

Answer 1

ionizing radiation like x rays, CT, atomic bombs

Question 2

3 main biomarkers in Gliomas

Answer 2

1. loss of heterozygosity of 1p and 19q
2. isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations
3. hypermethylation of 9-6-methyltransferase promotor

Question 3

what are the most numerous and most troublesome of the tumors?

Answer 3

the infiltrating WHO grade 2 gliomas

Question 4

epidemiology of low-grade gliomas are that they occur at a _____ age, located mainly in ________ areas

Answer 4

epidemiology of low-grade gliomas are that they occur at a young age, located mainly in cortico-subcotical areas

Question 5

low grade gliomas produce neurological signs and symptoms through 3 main mechanisms

Answer 5

1. direct infiltration and destruction of neurons
2. local pressure from pertiumoral edema
3. intracranial hypertension from mass effect or ventricular obstruction

Question 6

most common presentation in low grade gliomas is

Answer 6

seizures

Question 7

meningiomas are extra-axial tumors of the

Answer 7

arachnoid membrane

Question 8

incidence of meningiomas increases or decreases with age?

Answer 8

increases

Question 9

overall survival from brain tumors - untreated

Answer 9

1 month

Question 10

overall survival from brain tumors - WBRT alone

Answer 10

3-6 months

Question 11

overall survival from brain tumors - surgery + WBRT

Answer 11

12+ months

Question 12

overall survival from brain tumors - radiosurgery + WBRT

Answer 12

6-14 months

Question 13

clinical presentation of tumors (4 main ones)

Answer 13

raised intracranial pressure
focal neurological deficits
non-specific symptoms
seizures

Question 14

MR spectroscopy provides _____ chemical information

Answer 14

quantitative

Question 15

MR spec can help guide the location for

Answer 15

biopsy

Question 16

MR spec can help differentiate between (3 things)

Answer 16

high-grade glioma vs. abscess vs. metastasis

Question 17

diffusion tensor imaging and tractography identifies direction of greatest

Answer 17

water mobility

Question 18

diffusion tensor imaging and tractography can help reduce surgical

Answer 18

morbidity

Question 19

diffusion tensor imaging and tractography can help differentiate between 2 things

Answer 19

peritumoral edema and tumour infiltration

Question 20

perfusion-weighted imaging measures

Answer 20

capillary hemodynamics

Question 21

perfusion-weighted provides a noninvasive and consistent marker of tumor _______ and capillary _______

Answer 21

perfusion-weighted provides a noninvasive and consistent marker of tumor angiogenesis and capillary permeability

Question 22

functional MRI uses what to detect changes in regional ______ concentration

Answer 22

it uses BOLD to detect changes in regional deoxyhemoglobin

Question 23

fMRI maps what 4 things?

Answer 23

motor
sensory
visual
language

Question 24

PET scan can help differentiate what 2 things

Answer 24

tumor recurred and radiation necrosis

Question 25

what are the 4 main goals of surgery?

Answer 25

1. identify and remove tumer
2. eliminate sizures
3. preserve neurological functions
4. improve quality of life