ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

ADHD is a persistent pattern of

A

inattention and or hyperactivity - impulsivity

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2
Q

how long must symptoms perist for?

A

at least 6 months

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3
Q

criteria

A

interfers with function or development, several symptoms noted prior to age 12
present in 2 or more settings

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4
Q

criteria for Inattention

A
  • lack of attention to detail
  • difficulty staying on task
  • trouble listening
  • problem with follow through
  • poor organization
  • avoids/dislikes tasks that require sustained mental effort
  • trouble keeping track of things necessary for tasks/activities
  • easily distracted
  • forgetful in daily activities
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5
Q

hyperactivity-impulsivity criteria

A
  • fidgets/squirms
  • leaves seat when you should be seated
  • runs/climbs when inappropriate
  • unable to play quietly
  • “on the go”
  • talks excessivley
  • blurts out answeres
  • difficulty waiting turn
  • interrupts or intrudes on others
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6
Q

diagnosis - innattentive

A

6/9 symptoms (5/9) if 17 or older

fewer than 6 hyperactivity

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7
Q

diagnosis - hyperactive/impulsive

A

6/9 symptoms (5/9) if 17 or older
fewer than 6 inattention
mostly preschoolers

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8
Q

contemporary model of ADHD

A

problem of executive functions of the brain

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9
Q

executive functions

A

higher cognitive process

involves communication and organization across multiple brain regions/pathways

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10
Q

executive function ROLE

A

plan and complete a task, multitask
keep track of time, differentiate among conflicting thoughts, filter out unimportant information, anticipate future consequences of current behavior/activities, work toward a defined goal, make mid-course corrections when thinking, reading, writing, inhibit impulses that could lead to socially unacceptable problems

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11
Q

problems when executive function isn’t working

A

significant problems learnign
cant get tasks done
difficulty controlling emotions
struggles with social functioning

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12
Q

what can cause executive function to be impaired

A

prenatal exposure to drugs, pregnancy complications, frontal lobe injury, stroke, Alzheimers, dementia, many medical conditions

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13
Q

ADHD represents and EXTREME in

A

inefficiency in executive function

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14
Q

common comorbitd contiditions in children

A
oppositional definat disorder
conduct disorder
anxiety
depression
autism
learnign disabilites
bipolar
speech/languae
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15
Q

genetic factors

A

elevated risk of ADHD among biological relatives
twin studies suggest 60-80% heritability
abnormality with the DRD4 dopamine receptor gene

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16
Q

neurological factors

A

cerebral blood flow reduced in frontal lobes, striatum, cerebellum, reduced brain volumes of anterior frontal lobes, deficits in DA and NE

17
Q

dopamine is predominately present in

A

hyperactive/impulsive
changes in DAT
reduces DA in brain
treatment? stimulant medications to block DAT and increase DA

18
Q

NE is predominately present in

A

inattentive
changes in NET
reduces NE levels in brain
treatment? nonstimulant to block NE transporter so increases NE

19
Q

Neuropsychological deficits

A
behavioral inhibition
sustained attention
resistance to distraction
working memory
internalization of language
planning
emotional self-regulation
20
Q

comprehensive assessment

A

collect info from multiple settings (parent, teacher, child care)
assess for comorbid conditions
assess impact on family, social and academic functioning
rule out other causes

21
Q

assessment should include

A

parent, child interviews, bio-psycho-social assessment interview including family history, parent and teacher rating scales and self-report

22
Q

multidisciplinary assessment

A

rule out any unusual medical conditions that might produce ADHD like symptoms (standard pediatric exam, neurodevelopmental screening) + vision, hearing, speech and language assessment

23
Q

psychological assessment tools - intelligence testing

A

Wechsler intelligence scale for children

24
Q

psychological assessment tools - achievement testing

A

Wechsler individual achievement test

25
psychological assessment tools - some tests of executive functionings
wisconsin card sorting test, category test, trail making test
26
structure of assessment
1. prior to meeting mail rating scales to parents and teachers 2. session 1 test the child 3. session 2 interview parent 4. decision making, feedback, recommendations
27
questions to ask yourself
are there enough ADHD symptoms, do they cause impairment? present to age 12, any other explanation? comorbid conditions?
28
gender differences
gender differences
29
girls diagnosed later than boys
,silently suffer, more likely to have inattentive presentation and puberty is catastrophic because DA covaries with estrogen