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Y2 Renal > Presentations > Flashcards

Presentations Flashcards

1
Q

how is haematuria classified

A

gross/visible/frank/macroscopic
or
non-visible/microscopic/dipstick +ve

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2
Q

define visible haematuria

A

1ml blood per 100ml urine

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3
Q

what percentage of visible haematuria is due to cancer

A

20%

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4
Q

can BPH cause haematuria

A

it can

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5
Q

what is the 1st investigation you should do for visible haematuria in a patient over 50 years old

A

PR exam

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6
Q

what investigations should you do in primary care for visible haematuria in a patient over 50 years old

A

urinalysis, FBC, U+Es, refer for imaging

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7
Q

what should you always do before giving IV contrast

A

check U+Es

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8
Q

what imaging should be done in secondary care for a patient over 50 years old with visible haematuria

A

CTU

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9
Q

what are the contraindications to CTU

A

pregnant, renal impairment, contrast allergy

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10
Q

what should be done following CTU which was unclear or if you require a biopsy for a patient over 50 years old with visible haematuria

A

flexible cystoscopy

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11
Q

what does cytology detect

A

high grade malignancy

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12
Q

what is the 1st investigation for a patient under 50 years with visible haematuria and what are you looking for

A

US kidney for calculi or tumour

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13
Q

what is the next step for a patient under 50 years old with visible haematuria and a positive ultrasound

A

flexible cystoscopy

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14
Q

management of a patient with frank haematuria and clot retention

A

3 way catheter

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15
Q

what should be done next after finding proteinuria on urinalysis

A

quantify proteinuria with 24hour collection or UPCR

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16
Q

what are the 4 stages of proteinuria

A

microalbuminuria
asymptomatic
heavy
nephrotic

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17
Q

what is microalbuminuria

A

30-300mg /day

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18
Q

is microalbuminuria dipstick +ve

A

no

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19
Q

what is asymtomatic proteinuria

A

<1g / day

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20
Q

what is heavy proteinuria

A

1-3g / day

21
Q

what is nephrotic proteinuria

A

> 3g / day

22
Q

how are urinary symptoms classified

A

irritative (can’t keep) or voiding (can’t empty)

23
Q

give examples of irritative urinary symptoms

A

urgency, polyuria, nocturia, incontinence

24
Q

give examples of voiding urinary symptoms

A

hesitancy, intermittency, incomplete emptying, straining, post micturition dribbling, anuria

25
Q

what is anuria

A

acute urinary retention

26
Q

what drug can cause anuria

A

anticholinergic

27
Q

what is the management of acute anuria

A

catheter + alpha blocker alfuzosin

28
Q

why are females more prone to urinary incontinence

A

only have 1 sphincter

29
Q

what are the 5 types of urinary incontince

A 
stress
urge
overflow
true
extra-urethral
30
Q

what are the triggers of stress incontinence

A

cough, sneeze, laugh, pregnant

31
Q

what is the cause of stress incontinence

A

weak pelvic floor muscle

32
Q

management of stress incontinence

A

pelvic floor strengthening exercises, lifestyle, duloxetine

33
Q

cause of true incontinence

A

abnormal vagina/urinary tract

34
Q

cause of overflow incontinence

A

bladder obstruction, renal, nerve damage, tumour

35
Q

management of overflow incontinence

A

catheter

36
Q

cause of urge incontinence

A

overactive detrusor

37
Q

management of urge incontinence

A

bladder training, lifestyle, antimuscarinic M2/3, botox

38
Q

investigations for incontinence

A

US, urodynamics, uroflowmetry, urinalysis

39
Q

what are the sites where ureteric calculi are most likely to get stuck

A

pelviureteric junction
pelvic brim
vesicoureteric junction

40
Q

what effect do ureteric calculi have on Starling’s forces within the glomerulus

A

increase bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

41
Q

name 2 risk factors for ureteric calculi

A

hypercalcaemia (in primary hyperparathyroidism) and thiazide diuretics

42
Q

gender and age most affected by kidney stones

A

F, 30

43
Q

general presentation of kidney stones

A

renal colic (loin to groin pain) + nausea and vomiting

44
Q

1st imaging choice for kidney stones

A

KUB XR

45
Q

definitive imaging for kidney stones

A

non-contrast enhanced CT

46
Q

what is the pain killer of choice for kidney stones

A

NSAID diclofenac

47
Q

management of large kidney stones >4mm causing anuria

A

lithotripsy fragmentation

48
Q

management of a large kidney stone in a pyrexic patint

A

nephrostomy

49
Q

what drugs can help kidney stones pass

A

alpha blocker tamsulosine

CCB nifedipine

Y2 Renal (13 decks)

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