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Y2 Renal > Neoplasms > Flashcards

Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

are renal oncocytomas benign or malignant

A

benign

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2
Q

what condition are renal angiomyolipomas associated with

A

tuberous sclerosis

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3
Q

what tissue type is in renal angiomyolipomas

A

fat

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4
Q

what is the commonest kidney cancer in children

A

nephroblastoma Wilm’s tumour

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5
Q

if an incidental mass is found on ultrasound what should be done next

A

CT

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6
Q

what is the commonest cell type in renal cell carcinoma

A

clear cell

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7
Q

what type of malignancy are renal cell carcinomas

A

adenocarcinomas

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8
Q

gender and age most commonly affected by renal cell carcinomas

A

55-75 males

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9
Q

what part of the kidney are renal cell carcinomas found in

A

parenchyma

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10
Q

renal cell carcinoma extension into what structure has a bad prognosis

A

renal vein

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11
Q

do renal cell carcinomas metastasise via the haematogenous or lymphatic route 1st

A

haematogenous

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12
Q

where do renal cell carcinomas metastasise

A

lung, brain, bone, liver

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13
Q

bilateral renal cell carcinomas are associated with what condition

A

von hippel lindau

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14
Q

common presentation of renal cell carcinomas

A

abdo mass, haematuria, loin pain

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15
Q

what paraneoplastic effects are associated with renal cell carcinomas

A

hypercalcaemia and polycythaemia

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16
Q

the paraneoplastic effect of polycythaemia in renal cell carcinomas is due to what hormone

A

tumour secretes erythropoietin

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17
Q

is smoking or alcohol more strongly linked to renal cell carcinomas

A

smoking

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18
Q

what imaging is done for renal cell carcinomas

A

US then triple phase contrast CT

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19
Q

after biopsy what staging system used for renal cell carcinomas

A

Robson

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20
Q

what is the 1st line management of renal cell carcinomas

A

nephrectomy

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21
Q

what is the management of renal cell carcinomas if the patient is unfit for nephrectomy

A

RFA

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22
Q

what is the management of metastatic renal cell carcinomas

A

adjuvant therapy

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23
Q

what cells does myeloma arise from

A

plasma cells

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24
Q

does myeloma cause lytic or sclerotic bone lesions

A

lytic

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25
what triad is a red flag for myeloma
>50yr + anaemia + hypercalcaemia
26
myeloma is a type of amyloidosis. true or false
true
27
what is seen on urine microscopy in myeloma
tubular casts
28
what is deposited in the glomerulus in myeloma
monoclonal Ig light/heavy chain
29
what investigations should be done that are specific to myeloma
protein electrophoresis serum free light chain urine BJP bone marrow / renal biopsy
30
management of renal myeloma
plasma exchange +- dialysis
31
main risk factors for urothelial transitional cell carcinoma
dye/rubber industry, smoke
32
where can TCCs occur
anywhere from renal pelvis - urethra
33
where is the commonest location of TCCs
trigone of bladder
34
do TCCs metastasise via lymphatics or blood first
LN
35
what is a red flag for TCC
painless visible haematuria
36
what age and gender are more commonly affected by TCC
M over 50yrs
37
should you US the bladder when full or empty
full
38
what imaging is done for TCC
US the CTU
39
what is done next for TCC is CTU is positive or unclear
flexible cystoscopy
40
what is done during flexible cystoscopy for TCC
TURBT + stage
41
management of T1 TCC
TURBT + BCG
42
management of TCC invading the bladder
radical cystectomy (radiotherapy if unfit)
43
management of TCC with metastasis
chemo
44
schistosomasis is linked to what malignant
bladder SCC
45
what part of the prostate is most commonly affected by prostate adenocarcinomas
peripheral zone posterior lobe
46
where do prostate adenocarcinomas commonly metastasise
bone, LN, lung, liver
47
do prostate adenocarcinomas metastasised to bone cause sclerotic or lytic lesions
sclerotic
48
1/3 of prostate cancer is locally advanced / metastasised at presentation. true or false
false, 2/3
49
prostate cancer is usually asmptomatic. true or false
true
50
what does prostate cancer feel like on DRE
firm, hard, asymmetric
51
what is the problem with PSA prostatic specific antigen
non-specific
52
diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma
12X TRUSS biopsy
53
what system is used to grade prostate adenocarcinomas?
Gleason's
54
what scans are done after prostate cancer is diagnosed
MRI for capsule invasion | bone scan for met
55
management of confined prostate adenocarcinoma in a young patient
prostatectomy
56
management of confined low risk prostate cancer in an old patient
monitor
57
management of confined high risk prostate cancer in an old patient
radiotherapy +- hormone therapy
58
hormone therapy involves LHRH agonsists and anti-androgens. give an example of an anti-androgen
cyproterone
59
what is the mechanism of LHRH agonists for prostate cancer
decrease testosterone (tumour requires it)
60
how are testicular tumours classified
seminomas and non-seminomas
61
give an example of a non-seminomatous testicular tumour
teratoma
62
which lymph nodes do testicular tumours metastasise to
abdominal aorta
63
RF for testicular tumours
undescended testis
64
what is the commonest testicular tumour
seminoma
65
what cell type are seminomas made of
clear cell
66
do seminomas metastasise early or late
late
67
which testicular tumour is formed of a variety of tissue types
teratoma
68
seminomas and teratomas are chemosensitive. true or false
false | seminomas are radiosensitive
69
where do seminomas metastasise
lung, liver, LN
70
what imaging should be done for testicular tumours
US testicle CXR CT abdo/thorax
71
name the testicular tumour markers
bHCG PLAP AFP LDH
72
what does the testicular tumour marker LDH reflect
tumour burden
73
what does the testicular tumour marker bHCG reflect
seminoma or teratoma
74
what does the testicular tumour marker PLAP reflect
seminoma
75
what does the testicular tumour marker AFP reflect
non-seminomatous
76
management of testicular tumours
orchidectomy +- radiotherapy (depends on staging)
77
is balanitis xerotica obliterans malignant
pre-malignant
78
management of balanitis xerotica obliterans
circumcise
79
is leukoplakia of the penis malignant
pre-malignant
80
what infection is linked to penis SCC
HPV type 16
81
red velvety patches and full thickness epidermal dysplasia of the penis describes what
penile SCC in situ
82
being uncircumcised is a risk factor for penile SCC. true or false
true

Y2 Renal (13 decks)

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