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Y2 Renal > Neoplasms > Flashcards

Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

are renal oncocytomas benign or malignant

A

benign

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2
Q

what condition are renal angiomyolipomas associated with

A

tuberous sclerosis

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3
Q

what tissue type is in renal angiomyolipomas

A

fat

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4
Q

what is the commonest kidney cancer in children

A

nephroblastoma Wilm’s tumour

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5
Q

if an incidental mass is found on ultrasound what should be done next

A

CT

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6
Q

what is the commonest cell type in renal cell carcinoma

A

clear cell

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7
Q

what type of malignancy are renal cell carcinomas

A

adenocarcinomas

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8
Q

gender and age most commonly affected by renal cell carcinomas

A

55-75 males

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9
Q

what part of the kidney are renal cell carcinomas found in

A

parenchyma

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10
Q

renal cell carcinoma extension into what structure has a bad prognosis

A

renal vein

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11
Q

do renal cell carcinomas metastasise via the haematogenous or lymphatic route 1st

A

haematogenous

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12
Q

where do renal cell carcinomas metastasise

A

lung, brain, bone, liver

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13
Q

bilateral renal cell carcinomas are associated with what condition

A

von hippel lindau

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14
Q

common presentation of renal cell carcinomas

A

abdo mass, haematuria, loin pain

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15
Q

what paraneoplastic effects are associated with renal cell carcinomas

A

hypercalcaemia and polycythaemia

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16
Q

the paraneoplastic effect of polycythaemia in renal cell carcinomas is due to what hormone

A

tumour secretes erythropoietin

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17
Q

is smoking or alcohol more strongly linked to renal cell carcinomas

A

smoking

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18
Q

what imaging is done for renal cell carcinomas

A

US then triple phase contrast CT

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19
Q

after biopsy what staging system used for renal cell carcinomas

A

Robson

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20
Q

what is the 1st line management of renal cell carcinomas

A

nephrectomy

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21
Q

what is the management of renal cell carcinomas if the patient is unfit for nephrectomy

A

RFA

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22
Q

what is the management of metastatic renal cell carcinomas

A

adjuvant therapy

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23
Q

what cells does myeloma arise from

A

plasma cells

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24
Q

does myeloma cause lytic or sclerotic bone lesions

A

lytic

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25
Q

what triad is a red flag for myeloma

A

> 50yr + anaemia + hypercalcaemia

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26
Q

myeloma is a type of amyloidosis. true or false

A

true

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27
Q

what is seen on urine microscopy in myeloma

A

tubular casts

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28
Q

what is deposited in the glomerulus in myeloma

A

monoclonal Ig light/heavy chain

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29
Q

what investigations should be done that are specific to myeloma

A

protein electrophoresis
serum free light chain
urine BJP
bone marrow / renal biopsy

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30
Q

management of renal myeloma

A

plasma exchange +- dialysis

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31
Q

main risk factors for urothelial transitional cell carcinoma

A

dye/rubber industry, smoke

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32
Q

where can TCCs occur

A

anywhere from renal pelvis - urethra

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33
Q

where is the commonest location of TCCs

A

trigone of bladder

34
Q

do TCCs metastasise via lymphatics or blood first

A

LN

35
Q

what is a red flag for TCC

A

painless visible haematuria

36
Q

what age and gender are more commonly affected by TCC

A

M over 50yrs

37
Q

should you US the bladder when full or empty

A

full

38
Q

what imaging is done for TCC

A

US the CTU

39
Q

what is done next for TCC is CTU is positive or unclear

A

flexible cystoscopy

40
Q

what is done during flexible cystoscopy for TCC

A

TURBT + stage

41
Q

management of T1 TCC

A

TURBT + BCG

42
Q

management of TCC invading the bladder

A

radical cystectomy (radiotherapy if unfit)

43
Q

management of TCC with metastasis

A

chemo

44
Q

schistosomasis is linked to what malignant

A

bladder SCC

45
Q

what part of the prostate is most commonly affected by prostate adenocarcinomas

A

peripheral zone posterior lobe

46
Q

where do prostate adenocarcinomas commonly metastasise

A

bone, LN, lung, liver

47
Q

do prostate adenocarcinomas metastasised to bone cause sclerotic or lytic lesions

A

sclerotic

48
Q

1/3 of prostate cancer is locally advanced / metastasised at presentation. true or false

A

false, 2/3

49
Q

prostate cancer is usually asmptomatic. true or false

A

true

50
Q

what does prostate cancer feel like on DRE

A

firm, hard, asymmetric

51
Q

what is the problem with PSA prostatic specific antigen

A

non-specific

52
Q

diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma

A

12X TRUSS biopsy

53
Q

what system is used to grade prostate adenocarcinomas?

A

Gleason’s

54
Q

what scans are done after prostate cancer is diagnosed

A

MRI for capsule invasion

bone scan for met

55
Q

management of confined prostate adenocarcinoma in a young patient

A

prostatectomy

56
Q

management of confined low risk prostate cancer in an old patient

A

monitor

57
Q

management of confined high risk prostate cancer in an old patient

A

radiotherapy +- hormone therapy

58
Q

hormone therapy involves LHRH agonsists and anti-androgens. give an example of an anti-androgen

A

cyproterone

59
Q

what is the mechanism of LHRH agonists for prostate cancer

A

decrease testosterone (tumour requires it)

60
Q

how are testicular tumours classified

A

seminomas and non-seminomas

61
Q

give an example of a non-seminomatous testicular tumour

A

teratoma

62
Q

which lymph nodes do testicular tumours metastasise to

A

abdominal aorta

63
Q

RF for testicular tumours

A

undescended testis

64
Q

what is the commonest testicular tumour

A

seminoma

65
Q

what cell type are seminomas made of

A

clear cell

66
Q

do seminomas metastasise early or late

A

late

67
Q

which testicular tumour is formed of a variety of tissue types

A

teratoma

68
Q

seminomas and teratomas are chemosensitive. true or false

A

false

seminomas are radiosensitive

69
Q

where do seminomas metastasise

A

lung, liver, LN

70
Q

what imaging should be done for testicular tumours

A

US testicle
CXR
CT abdo/thorax

71
Q

name the testicular tumour markers

A

bHCG
PLAP
AFP
LDH

72
Q

what does the testicular tumour marker LDH reflect

A

tumour burden

73
Q

what does the testicular tumour marker bHCG reflect

A

seminoma or teratoma

74
Q

what does the testicular tumour marker PLAP reflect

A

seminoma

75
Q

what does the testicular tumour marker AFP reflect

A

non-seminomatous

76
Q

management of testicular tumours

A

orchidectomy +- radiotherapy (depends on staging)

77
Q

is balanitis xerotica obliterans malignant

A

pre-malignant

78
Q

management of balanitis xerotica obliterans

A

circumcise

79
Q

is leukoplakia of the penis malignant

A

pre-malignant

80
Q

what infection is linked to penis SCC

A

HPV type 16

81
Q

red velvety patches and full thickness epidermal dysplasia of the penis describes what

A

penile SCC in situ

82
Q

being uncircumcised is a risk factor for penile SCC. true or false

A

true

Y2 Renal (13 decks)

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