Pharmacology

Question 1

how do diuretics enter filtrate

Answer 1

glomerular filtration or active secretion

Question 2

which diuretics to OATs transport for active secretion into the filtrate

Answer 2

thiazides, loops

Question 3

which diuretics to OCTs transport for active secretion into the filtrate

Answer 3

K sparing diuretics

Question 4

give an example of a thiazide diuretic

Answer 4

bendoflumethiazide

Question 5

give an example of a loop diureti

Answer 5

furosemide

Question 6

give 2 examples of k sparing diuretics

Answer 6

triamterene, amiloride

Question 7

give an example of a aldosterone receptor antagonist

Answer 7

spironolactone

Question 8

give an example of an osmotic diuretic

Answer 8

mannitol

Question 9

give an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Answer 9

acetazolamide

Question 10

give an example of an aquaretic

Answer 10

tolvaptan

Question 11

mechanism of thiazide diuretics

Answer 11

block Na+Cl- co-transporter at Cl site in DCT

Question 12

side effects of thiazide diuretics

Answer 12

hypokalamia
metabolic alkalosis
impotence
hyperuricaemia

Question 13

mechanism of loop diuretics

Answer 13

block Na+K+2Cl co-transporter at Cl site in LOH thick ascending limb

Question 14

side effects of loop diuretics

Answer 14

hypokalaemia
metabolic alkalosis
hypocalcaemia
hyperuricaemia

Question 15

mechanism of K sparing diuretics

Answer 15

block apical ENAC Na channel in CD to decrease Na reabsorption

Question 16

mechanism of CA inhibitors

Answer 16

block Na+/H+ exchange in PCT & DCT

Question 17

what is desmopressin

Answer 17

vasopressin analogue

Question 18

mechanism of aquaretics

Answer 18

vasopressin receptor antagonist

Question 19

side effect of aquaretics

Answer 19

hypernatraemia

Question 20

give an example of a SGLT2 inhibitor

Answer 20

empagiflozin

Question 21

mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 21

inhibit SGLT2 in PTC causing an osmotic diuresis

Question 22

side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 22

UTIs

Question 23

when are aquaretics used

Answer 23

correcting hyponatraemia in SIADH

Question 24

when are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used

Answer 24

glaucoma

Question 25

when are osmotic diuretics used

Answer 25

acute raised intraocular or intracranial pressure

Question 26

when are aldosterone receptor antagonists used

Answer 26

HF, Conn's syndrome, resistant HTN, cirrhosis + ascites

Question 27

what diuretic is used for acute pulmonary oedema

Answer 27

loop agent

Question 28

what diuretic is used for mild HF

Answer 28

thiazide

Question 29

what diuretic is used for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 29

thiazide

Question 30

what diuretic is used for nephrotic syndrome

Answer 30

loop

Question 31

what diuretic is used for renal stones

Answer 31

thiazide

Question 32

mechanism of uricosuric agent allopurinol

Answer 32

inhibits urate synthesis

Question 33

what enzyme forms prostaglandins

Answer 33

COX

Question 34

do ACEIs and ARBs constrict the efferent or afferent arteriole

Answer 34

efferent