Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
define osmolarity
A
concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution
2
Q
what is the osmolarity of human body fluids
A
300 milli
3
Q
what are the units of osmolarity
A
osmols per litre
4
Q
what are the units of osmolality
A
osmols per kg of water
5
Q
what percentage of total body water is ICF
A
67%
6
Q
what percentage of total body water is ECF
A
33%
7
Q
what are the 2 main constituents of ECF
A
plasma and interstitial fluid
8
Q
what percentage of the ECF is plasma
A
20%
9
Q
what percentage of the ECF is interstitial fluid
A
80%
10
Q
what tracer is used to measure the volume of total body water
A
3H20
11
Q
what tract is user to measure the volume of ECF
A
insulin
12
Q
sweat, faeces and urine contribute insensible h2o output. true or false
A
false. sweat, faces and urine contribute sensible h2o output
13
Q
is the concentration of Na+ higher in the ECF or ICF
A
ECF
14
Q
is the concentration of K+ higher in the ECF or ICF
A
ICF
15
Q
is the concentration of Cl- higher in the ECF or ICF
A
ECF
16
Q
is the concentration of Mg higher in the ECF or ICF
A
ECF
17
Q
is the concentration of negatively charged proteins higher in the ECF or ICF
A
ECF
18
Q
when fluid in plasma leaves a capillary wall what space has it entered
A
interstitial fluid
19
Q
“osmotic gradient causing H2O movement in ICF/ECF to restore osmotic equilibrium” describes what
A
fluid shift
20
Q
if you gain NaCl, what effect will this have on the ECFV and ICFV
A
increase ECFV
decrease ICFV
21
Q
which 2 hormones are produced by the kidney
A
erythropoietin and renin
22
Q
which vitamin is activated in the kidney
A
vit D (becomes calcitriol)
23
Q
are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal
A
retroperitoneal
24
Q
put these in order from superficial to deep;
renal fascia
pararenal fat
perirenal fat
A
pararenal fat
renal fascia
perirenal fat
25
what structures are in the renal hilum
renal artery, renal vien, ureter
26
are the renal pyramids part of the medulla or the coretex
medulla
27
what part of the renal cortex is between medullary pyramids
renal columns
28
what is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
29
how many nephrons are there per kidney
1 million
30
name the 2 kinds of nephrons
cortical and juxtamedullary
31
what type of nephron is more common
cortical
32
what type of nephron has a a longer loop of henle
juxtamedullary
33
what is the blood supply to juxtamedullary nephrons
vasa recta
34
what is the blood supply to cortical nephrons
peritubular capillaries
35
which type of nephron makes more concentrated urine
juxtamedullary
36
what is the function of the renal corpuscle
produces glomerular filtrate
37
does the afferent or efferent arteriole supply the renal corpuscle
afferent arteriole supplies, efferent arteriole drains
38
what structure within the renal corpuscle contains filtration slits / pores
podocytes
39
put these in order for fluid leave capillary to becoming filtrate
- bowman's space
- podocyte slits
- capillary endothelium
- glomerular basement membrane
capillary endothelium
glomerular basement membrane
podocytes
bowman's space
40
what structure is at the core of the renal corpuscle
mesangium
41
what is the mesangium composed of
mesangial cells
42
are the proximal and distal collecting tubules in the cortex or medulla
cortex
43
what percentage of the plasma is filtered
20%
44
is the diameter of the afferent or efferent arteriole bigger
afferent
45
what part of the nephron is mainly responsible for acid base balance
distal tubule
46
where are macula densa cells
in DCT
47
what is the function of macula densa cells
sense Na and activate juxtaglomerular cells
48
where are juxtaglomerular cells
afferent arteriole
49
what do juxtaglomerular cells do
excrete renin
50
put these in order
- renal pelvis
- collecting duct
- minor calyx
- medullary apex
- ureter
- major calcyx
```
collecting duct
medullary apex
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
```
51
are filtration forces passive or active
passive
52
what components of plasma are not filtered
red blood cells and large negatively charged plasma proteins
53
is urea filtered
yes
54
what forces promote filtration
capillary hydrostatic and bowman's oncotic
55
what forces promote fluid remaining in the capillary
capillary oncotic and bowman's hydrostatic
56
what is the biggest filtration pressure forces
glomerular capillary blood pressure (hydrostatic)
57
what component mainly contributes to oncotic pressure
plasma proteins
58
what is unit of GFR
ml / min
59
what is a normal GFR
125
60
if GFR is decreased, will urine production increase or decrease
decrease
61
what is the formula for GFR
filtration coefficient X net filtration pressure
62
does the DCT or PCT have a luminal brush border of microvilli
PCT
63
what is the extrinsic regulation of GFR
aortic arch / carotid sinus baroreceptors detect change in MAP
64
what are the 2 intrinsic regulations of MAP
myogenic mechanism
| and tubuloglomerular feedback
65
how does tubuloglomerular feedback work
increased NaCl flow = afferent arteriole constricts
66
what activates the myogenic mechanism
vascular smooth muscle being stretched
67
what is the clearance of glucose
0
68
should an ideal GFR marker be endogenous or exogenous
endogenous
69
should an ideal GFR marker be filtered, reabsorbed and secreted
filtered, not reabsorbed, not secreted
70
the GFR should equal clearance for an ideal GFR marker. true or false
true
71
why is inulin not the perfect GFR marker
not endogenous so requires constant IV infusion
72
what is used as a GFR marker instead of inulin
creatinine
73
why is creatinine not the perfect GFR marker
some secreted and at low serum creatinine levels its less sensitivity to changes in GFR
74
urea is filtered, partly reabsorbed and not secreted. its clearance is greater than its GFR. true or false
false. its GFR is greater than its clearance
75
H+ is filtered, not reabsorbed and secreted. it clearance is greater than its GFR. true or false
true
76
what is used to measure renal plasma flow
PAH
77
what is renal plasma flow (units ml/min)
650ml/min
78
what is the normal filtration fraction
20%
79
what percentage of cardiac output is renal blood flow
24%
80
all glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. true or false
true
81
all amino acids are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule. true or false
false. 100% of amino acids are reabsorbed in the PCT
82
where is 67% H2O reabsorbed
PT
83
33% NaCl is reabsorbed in the PT. true or false.
false. 67% NaCl is reabsorbed in the PT
84
what are the 2 routes of reabsorption
transcellular and paracellular
85
give 2 examples of reabsorption via the paracellular route
h2o, Cl
86
what junctions are between tubular cells of the nephron
tight junctions
87
is the apical or basolateral membrane of the tubular cell in contact with the filtrate
apical
88
where is the majority of K reabsorbed
PCT
89
what type of transport does the Na+K+ATPase use
primary active transport (requires ATP)
90
give an example of secondary active transport
Na-glucose symporter
91
give an example of facilitated diffusion
GLUT
92
the Na+K+ATPase is only located at the basolateral membrane. true or false
true
93
"passive reabsorption down the NaCl osmotic gradient between tubular cells" refers to what
osmotic drag - H2O reabsorption
94
GLUTs are on the apical membrane. true or false
false, on basolateral membrane
95
what transporter in the PCT is couple to Na and reabsorbs 90% glucose
SGLT2
96
which transporter, SGLT2 or SGLT1, has increased affinity and decreased capacity for glucose
SGLT1
97
what is the renal threshold for glucose
10-12 BG
98
what is the transport maximum for glucose
2 mmol/min
99
fluid entering and leaving the PCT is isosmotic. true or false
true
100
what occurs in the descending limb of the LOH
no NaCl reabsorption, passive H2O reabsorption
101
what occurs in the ascending LOH
NaCl reabsorbed, impermeable to H2O
102
is the triple co-transporter on the apical or basolateral membrane
apical
103
what is transported in the triple co-transporter
1 Na+, 1K+, 2Cl-
104
what ion is 'recycled' in the loop of henle
K+
105
is fluid leaving the loop of henle hypertonic or hypotonic
hypotonic (100)
106
fluid at the hairpin of the loop of henle is hyperosmotic. true or false
true (1200)
107
is the DTC urea permeable
no
108
is the DTC H2O permeable
no
109
whats the difference between a water and osmotic diuresis
both have increased urine flow but only osmotic diuresis has increased Na excretion
110
does ethanol cause a water or osmotic diuresis
osmotic
111
does increased blood glucose cause a water or osmotic diuresis
osmotic
112
does contrast dye cause a water or osmotic diuresis
osmotic
113
what type of hormone is ADH
peptide hormone
114
where is ADH made
hypothalamus
115
where is ADH stored / secreted from
posterior pituitary
116
effect of nicotine and ethanol on ADH release
nicotine stimulates, ethanol inhibits
117
action of ADH
inserts aquaporins in apical late DT/CD
118
effect of ADH
>H2O reabsorption causing hypertonic small vol >conc urine
119
what type of hormone is aldosterone
steroid hormone
120
where is aldosterone secreted from
adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa
121
does decreased or increased afferent arteriole pressure stimulate renin release
decreased
122
does decreased or increased sympathetic tone stimulate renin release
increased
123
what is the action of aldosterone
increases Na reabsorption in DT/CT at Na+K+ATPase
124
effect of RAAS
thirst, efferent/peripheral arteriolar vasoconstriction, K+ excretion
125
where is atrial natriuretic peptide secreted from
atrial muscle cells
126
action of ANP
decreases Na+ reabsorption in DCT
127
ANP counters RAAS. true or false
true
128
what effect does PTH have on Ca and phosphate reabsorption
>Ca reabsorption,
