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Y2 Renal > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

define osmolarity

A

concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution

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2
Q

what is the osmolarity of human body fluids

A

300 milli

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3
Q

what are the units of osmolarity

A

osmols per litre

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4
Q

what are the units of osmolality

A

osmols per kg of water

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5
Q

what percentage of total body water is ICF

A

67%

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6
Q

what percentage of total body water is ECF

A

33%

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7
Q

what are the 2 main constituents of ECF

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

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8
Q

what percentage of the ECF is plasma

A

20%

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9
Q

what percentage of the ECF is interstitial fluid

A

80%

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10
Q

what tracer is used to measure the volume of total body water

A

3H20

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11
Q

what tract is user to measure the volume of ECF

A

insulin

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12
Q

sweat, faeces and urine contribute insensible h2o output. true or false

A

false. sweat, faces and urine contribute sensible h2o output

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13
Q

is the concentration of Na+ higher in the ECF or ICF

A

ECF

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14
Q

is the concentration of K+ higher in the ECF or ICF

A

ICF

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15
Q

is the concentration of Cl- higher in the ECF or ICF

A

ECF

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16
Q

is the concentration of Mg higher in the ECF or ICF

A

ECF

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17
Q

is the concentration of negatively charged proteins higher in the ECF or ICF

A

ECF

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18
Q

when fluid in plasma leaves a capillary wall what space has it entered

A

interstitial fluid

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19
Q

“osmotic gradient causing H2O movement in ICF/ECF to restore osmotic equilibrium” describes what

A

fluid shift

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20
Q

if you gain NaCl, what effect will this have on the ECFV and ICFV

A

increase ECFV

decrease ICFV

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21
Q

which 2 hormones are produced by the kidney

A

erythropoietin and renin

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22
Q

which vitamin is activated in the kidney

A

vit D (becomes calcitriol)

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23
Q

are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal

A

retroperitoneal

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24
Q

put these in order from superficial to deep;
renal fascia
pararenal fat
perirenal fat

A

pararenal fat
renal fascia
perirenal fat

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25
Q

what structures are in the renal hilum

A

renal artery, renal vien, ureter

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26
Q

are the renal pyramids part of the medulla or the coretex

A

medulla

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27
Q

what part of the renal cortex is between medullary pyramids

A

renal columns

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28
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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29
Q

how many nephrons are there per kidney

A

1 million

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30
Q

name the 2 kinds of nephrons

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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31
Q

what type of nephron is more common

A

cortical

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32
Q

what type of nephron has a a longer loop of henle

A

juxtamedullary

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33
Q

what is the blood supply to juxtamedullary nephrons

A

vasa recta

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34
Q

what is the blood supply to cortical nephrons

A

peritubular capillaries

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35
Q

which type of nephron makes more concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary

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36
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle

A

produces glomerular filtrate

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37
Q

does the afferent or efferent arteriole supply the renal corpuscle

A

afferent arteriole supplies, efferent arteriole drains

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38
Q

what structure within the renal corpuscle contains filtration slits / pores

A

podocytes

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39
Q

put these in order for fluid leave capillary to becoming filtrate

  • bowman’s space
  • podocyte slits
  • capillary endothelium
  • glomerular basement membrane
A

capillary endothelium
glomerular basement membrane
podocytes
bowman’s space

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40
Q

what structure is at the core of the renal corpuscle

A

mesangium

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41
Q

what is the mesangium composed of

A

mesangial cells

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42
Q

are the proximal and distal collecting tubules in the cortex or medulla

A

cortex

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43
Q

what percentage of the plasma is filtered

A

20%

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44
Q

is the diameter of the afferent or efferent arteriole bigger

A

afferent

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45
Q

what part of the nephron is mainly responsible for acid base balance

A

distal tubule

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46
Q

where are macula densa cells

A

in DCT

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47
Q

what is the function of macula densa cells

A

sense Na and activate juxtaglomerular cells

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48
Q

where are juxtaglomerular cells

A

afferent arteriole

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49
Q

what do juxtaglomerular cells do

A

excrete renin

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50
Q

put these in order

  • renal pelvis
  • collecting duct
  • minor calyx
  • medullary apex
  • ureter
  • major calcyx
A 
collecting duct
medullary apex
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
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51
Q

are filtration forces passive or active

A

passive

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52
Q

what components of plasma are not filtered

A

red blood cells and large negatively charged plasma proteins

53
Q

is urea filtered

A

yes

54
Q

what forces promote filtration

A

capillary hydrostatic and bowman’s oncotic

55
Q

what forces promote fluid remaining in the capillary

A

capillary oncotic and bowman’s hydrostatic

56
Q

what is the biggest filtration pressure forces

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure (hydrostatic)

57
Q

what component mainly contributes to oncotic pressure

A

plasma proteins

58
Q

what is unit of GFR

A

ml / min

59
Q

what is a normal GFR

A

125

60
Q

if GFR is decreased, will urine production increase or decrease

A

decrease

61
Q

what is the formula for GFR

A

filtration coefficient X net filtration pressure

62
Q

does the DCT or PCT have a luminal brush border of microvilli

A

PCT

63
Q

what is the extrinsic regulation of GFR

A

aortic arch / carotid sinus baroreceptors detect change in MAP

64
Q

what are the 2 intrinsic regulations of MAP

A

myogenic mechanism

and tubuloglomerular feedback

65
Q

how does tubuloglomerular feedback work

A

increased NaCl flow = afferent arteriole constricts

66
Q

what activates the myogenic mechanism

A

vascular smooth muscle being stretched

67
Q

what is the clearance of glucose

A

0

68
Q

should an ideal GFR marker be endogenous or exogenous

A

endogenous

69
Q

should an ideal GFR marker be filtered, reabsorbed and secreted

A

filtered, not reabsorbed, not secreted

70
Q

the GFR should equal clearance for an ideal GFR marker. true or false

A

true

71
Q

why is inulin not the perfect GFR marker

A

not endogenous so requires constant IV infusion

72
Q

what is used as a GFR marker instead of inulin

A

creatinine

73
Q

why is creatinine not the perfect GFR marker

A

some secreted and at low serum creatinine levels its less sensitivity to changes in GFR

74
Q

urea is filtered, partly reabsorbed and not secreted. its clearance is greater than its GFR. true or false

A

false. its GFR is greater than its clearance

75
Q

H+ is filtered, not reabsorbed and secreted. it clearance is greater than its GFR. true or false

A

true

76
Q

what is used to measure renal plasma flow

A

PAH

77
Q

what is renal plasma flow (units ml/min)

A

650ml/min

78
Q

what is the normal filtration fraction

A

20%

79
Q

what percentage of cardiac output is renal blood flow

A

24%

80
Q

all glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. true or false

A

true

81
Q

all amino acids are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule. true or false

A

false. 100% of amino acids are reabsorbed in the PCT

82
Q

where is 67% H2O reabsorbed

A

PT

83
Q

33% NaCl is reabsorbed in the PT. true or false.

A

false. 67% NaCl is reabsorbed in the PT

84
Q

what are the 2 routes of reabsorption

A

transcellular and paracellular

85
Q

give 2 examples of reabsorption via the paracellular route

A

h2o, Cl

86
Q

what junctions are between tubular cells of the nephron

A

tight junctions

87
Q

is the apical or basolateral membrane of the tubular cell in contact with the filtrate

A

apical

88
Q

where is the majority of K reabsorbed

A

PCT

89
Q

what type of transport does the Na+K+ATPase use

A

primary active transport (requires ATP)

90
Q

give an example of secondary active transport

A

Na-glucose symporter

91
Q

give an example of facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT

92
Q

the Na+K+ATPase is only located at the basolateral membrane. true or false

A

true

93
Q

“passive reabsorption down the NaCl osmotic gradient between tubular cells” refers to what

A

osmotic drag - H2O reabsorption

94
Q

GLUTs are on the apical membrane. true or false

A

false, on basolateral membrane

95
Q

what transporter in the PCT is couple to Na and reabsorbs 90% glucose

A

SGLT2

96
Q

which transporter, SGLT2 or SGLT1, has increased affinity and decreased capacity for glucose

A

SGLT1

97
Q

what is the renal threshold for glucose

A

10-12 BG

98
Q

what is the transport maximum for glucose

A

2 mmol/min

99
Q

fluid entering and leaving the PCT is isosmotic. true or false

A

true

100
Q

what occurs in the descending limb of the LOH

A

no NaCl reabsorption, passive H2O reabsorption

101
Q

what occurs in the ascending LOH

A

NaCl reabsorbed, impermeable to H2O

102
Q

is the triple co-transporter on the apical or basolateral membrane

A

apical

103
Q

what is transported in the triple co-transporter

A

1 Na+, 1K+, 2Cl-

104
Q

what ion is ‘recycled’ in the loop of henle

A

K+

105
Q

is fluid leaving the loop of henle hypertonic or hypotonic

A

hypotonic (100)

106
Q

fluid at the hairpin of the loop of henle is hyperosmotic. true or false

A

true (1200)

107
Q

is the DTC urea permeable

A

no

108
Q

is the DTC H2O permeable

A

no

109
Q

whats the difference between a water and osmotic diuresis

A

both have increased urine flow but only osmotic diuresis has increased Na excretion

110
Q

does ethanol cause a water or osmotic diuresis

A

osmotic

111
Q

does increased blood glucose cause a water or osmotic diuresis

A

osmotic

112
Q

does contrast dye cause a water or osmotic diuresis

A

osmotic

113
Q

what type of hormone is ADH

A

peptide hormone

114
Q

where is ADH made

A

hypothalamus

115
Q

where is ADH stored / secreted from

A

posterior pituitary

116
Q

effect of nicotine and ethanol on ADH release

A

nicotine stimulates, ethanol inhibits

117
Q

action of ADH

A

inserts aquaporins in apical late DT/CD

118
Q

effect of ADH

A

> H2O reabsorption causing hypertonic small vol >conc urine

119
Q

what type of hormone is aldosterone

A

steroid hormone

120
Q

where is aldosterone secreted from

A

adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa

121
Q

does decreased or increased afferent arteriole pressure stimulate renin release

A

decreased

122
Q

does decreased or increased sympathetic tone stimulate renin release

A

increased

123
Q

what is the action of aldosterone

A

increases Na reabsorption in DT/CT at Na+K+ATPase

124
Q

effect of RAAS

A

thirst, efferent/peripheral arteriolar vasoconstriction, K+ excretion

125
Q

where is atrial natriuretic peptide secreted from

A

atrial muscle cells

126
Q

action of ANP

A

decreases Na+ reabsorption in DCT

127
Q

ANP counters RAAS. true or false

A

true

128
Q

what effect does PTH have on Ca and phosphate reabsorption

A

> Ca reabsorption,

Y2 Renal (13 decks)

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