Presentation of disease of kidneys and urinary tract

Question 1

why are women more prone to UTIs?

Answer 1

they have a shorter urethra

males have the prostate to act as a barrier

Question 2

renal diseases

infection

Answer 2

pyelonephritis

Question 3

renal diseases

inflammation

Answer 3

glomerulonephritis

tubulointerstitial nephritis

Question 4

what is the definition of proteinuria?

Answer 4

urinary protein excretion over 150mg/day

Question 5

what are the types of haematuria?

Answer 5

microscopic

visible

dipstick

Question 6

What is relative anuria?

Answer 6

<100ml/24 hours

Question 7

What is absolute anuria?

Answer 7

no urine output

Question 8

Oliguria

Answer 8

Urine output <0.5ml/kg/hour

Question 9

polyuria

Answer 9

urine output more than 3 litres in 24 hours

Question 10

what does AKI stand for?

Answer 10

acute kidney injury

Question 11

what is the rifle pneumonic?

staging of AKI

Answer 11

risk

injury

failure

loss

end (stage kidney disease)

Question 12

what are the 6 major functions of the kidneys?

Answer 12

endocrine (vitamin D, renin)

electrolyte homeostasis

body fluid homeostasis

excretory functions

regulation of vascular tone

acid base balance

Question 13

Presentation of ureteric diseases

Answer 13

pain

pyrexia

haematuria

palpable mass

renal failure

Question 14

what is frank haematuria?

Answer 14

unexplained visible haematuria

Question 15

control of mictrution is by what three things?

Answer 15

cortical centre

pons

sacral segments

Question 16

1. The following are features of acute urinary retention except:a. painful
   b. palpable bladder
   c. inability to urinate
   d. bladder volume >800ml
   e. percussible bladder

Answer 16

d (bladder volume over 800ml)

• because the volume in the bladder is not important

Question 17

The following organisms are commonly associated with urinary tract infections except:

a. E. coli 
b. Klebsiella species
c. Proteus species
d. Chlamydia trachomatis
e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 17

d (chylamydia)

Question 18

an infection in the bladder is most likely to be:

Answer 18

cystitis

Question 19

neoplasia in the bladder is likely to be:

Answer 19

TCC or SCC of bladder

Question 20

What is frank haematuria?

Answer 20

unexplained VISIBLE haematuria

Question 21

control of micturition is by what three parts of the NS?

Answer 21

pons

cortical centre

sacral segments S2-S4

Question 22

what are the two phases os micturition?

Answer 22

storage (or filling)

voiding

Question 23

differential diagnosis for BPO (benign prostatic obstruction)

Answer 23

UTI

urethral stricture

alcohol excess