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Nursing > Preschooler/School-Age Child > Flashcards

Preschooler/School-Age Child Flashcards

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1
Q

Weight gain of a preschool child…

A

2-3 kg/yr

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2
Q

Preschool child’s height increases….

A

6.5-9 cm/yr

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3
Q

Age 3 gross motor skills

A

Ride tricylce, jumps, climbs stairs with alternate foot pattern

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4
Q

Age 4 gross motor skills

A

Skips, hops on one foot, throws ball, descends stairs with alternate foot pattern

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5
Q

Age 5 gross motor skills

A

Can throw & catch, jumps rope, increased balance.

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6
Q

Age 3 fine motor skills

A

Builds large tower, builds bridges, copies circles, cannot make stick figure may do circle w/ facial features.

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7
Q

Age 4 fine motor skills

A

begin to use scissors, copies basic figures, adds 3 parts to a stick figure

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8
Q

Age 5 fine motor skills

A

Can tie shoes, use scissors, copies figures has 7-9 parts on stick figure, printing numbers and letters

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9
Q

Sense of Initiative (Erikson)

A

If not mastered, will lead to sense of guilt due to child overstepping the limits of their ability or not behaving appropriately. Major task of development of a conscience.

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10
Q

Preoperational Phase

A

2-7 years

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11
Q

Preconceptual phase

A

4-7 yrs

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12
Q

Intuitive thought phase

A

4-7 yrs

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13
Q

Magical thinking

A

Thoughts are all powerful and key to their vulnerability

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14
Q

Transductive thinking

A

illogical thinking that attributes cause and effect due to close proximity of events

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15
Q

Egocentricity

A

Self-reference

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16
Q

Centrism

A

Only one idea at a time

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17
Q

Animism

A

Project lifelike qualities onto inanimate objects

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18
Q

Spiritual development

A

Can memorize short prayers, limited understanding of rituals, have concrete conception of god w/ physical characteristics.

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19
Q
  1. Telegraphic speech
A

• Is common as sentences only are 3-4 words and contain those only essential to convey meaning

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20
Q
  1. Developmental stuttering
A

a. Is common and as the result of trying to say the words they are thinking about as they are thinking faster than the ability to produce the words.

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21
Q
  1. Associative play
A

a. Group play without the rules and rigid organizational structure. There is a focus on imitative or dramatic play in which they mimic adult roles.

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22
Q
  1. The best way to effectively communicate with a preschooler is through…..
A

a. Play

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23
Q
  1. Aggression
A

a. May start at this time & may be the result of frustration, parental disapproval, or humiliation. Important for them to learn social acceptable behaviors by controlling aggression and redirecting the anger.

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24
Q
  1. Stress and Fears
A

a. Fear is a product of their developmental stage.
b. This is best addressed through prevention.
c. Teach coping skills of talking about the issue or image a fun place.
d. Fear can be addressed by practical measures.

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25
Q
  1. Nutrition
A

a. 1800 calories/day
b. Family eating habits & routines help to establish healthy behaviors
c. Child’s growth pattern is away to frame eating discussions as food habits may persist from toddlerhood.

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26
Q
  1. Dental health
A

a. Imperative for health of permanent teeth.
b. Need to supervise/assist with brushing to prevent dental caries
c. Poverty contributes to dental caries.

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27
Q
  1. Exercise
A

a. 60 minutes per day with individual and some group activities.

28
Q
  1. Sleep & Rest
A

a. 12 hrs/night with infrequent naps during day
b. Quite activities in evening prior to bath and bed
c. Routines and rituals still important
d. Bedtime fears, walking during the night
e. Nightmares and sleep terrors (hard to comfort due to child not being fully awake)
f. Nursing should assess sleep patterns & educate about healthy sleep behaviors.
g. Educate risks of co-sleeping.

29
Q
  1. What leads to ingestions?
A

a. Infant/toddlers exploring world with oral experimentation.
b. They are curious, noncompliant, & like to imitate behaviors

30
Q
  1. What are environmental characteristics leading to accidental poisoning?
A

a. Easy access to substances/poisonous plants, periods left alone, unlocked cabinets
b. Lead-based paint in home and lead-contaminated soil in yard.

31
Q
  1. Percentage of poisonings that occur in the home
A

a. 90%

32
Q
  1. Corrosives (strong acids & alkalis)
A

a. Leads to esophageal strictures &/or gastrointestinal perforation. DON’T INDUCE VOMITING.

33
Q
  1. Hydrocarbons
A

a. Leads to chemical pneumonia due to aspiration.

b. DON’T INDUCE VOMITING.

34
Q
  1. Acetaminophen poisoning
A

a. Leads to hepatic failure and is the most common accidental drug poisoning.

35
Q
  1. Aspirin ingestion
A

a. Leads to abnormal bleeding, pulmonary edema, convulsions, hyperpyrexia.

36
Q
  1. Assessment of child after ingestion
A

a. V.S., LOC, respiratory effort and color
b. Terminate exposure to material
c. Identify the agent

37
Q
  1. Prevention of further absorption/aspiration
A

a. Place child in side-lying, sitting, or kneeling position to avoid aspiration.

38
Q
  1. Gastric decontamination
A

a. Usually done with activated charcoal.
b. Gastric lavage (only done within 1 hour of ingestion, ingestion of sustained release material, or massive amount of poison.)
c. DO NOT use syrup of Ipecac

39
Q
  1. Lead poisoning causes
A

a. Ingestion or inhalation of micro-particles primarily from lead-based paint or contaminated soil in the yard.
b. Young children most vulnerable.
c. Child are often asymptomatic even at higher levels.

40
Q
  1. Lead poisoning damage
A

a. Developing soft tissue (brain/kidney) resulting in decreased synaptic activity and renal integrity.
b. Systems affected (hematologic, renal, neurologic)
c. Ultimately settles in bonds & teeth in inert form and makes up the greatest portion of body burden.
d. Erythrocytes resulting anemia especially if iron-deficient they will absorb lead more readily.

41
Q
  1. Ingestion diagnosis
A

a. Obtain venous blood level concerned with an BLL > 10 mcg/dl.
b. Routine screening between ages 1-2 or by 6 years old.

42
Q
  1. Ingestion treatment
A

a. Chelation Therapy- removal of lead from circulating blood but may not remove from bone. Multiple treatments may be necessary as body equilibration occurs.

43
Q
  1. School-age children weight gain
A

a. 2-3 kg/yr

b. will be almost double by the end of the period

44
Q
  1. School-age height
A

a. 5 cm/year for a total of 30-60 for the period.

45
Q
  1. Bone growth for the school-age child
A

a. Increase in ossification and lengthening muscle mass and strength is not quite as fast.

46
Q
  1. Sense of Industry (Erikson)
A

a. No violent inner upheavals leads to new mastery
b. A time for working, creating, accomplishing tasks in order to find joy- a time of finding pleasure in achieving.
c. Self-concept→ self-worth→ self-esteem.
d. What is the danger- inferiority (feeling inadequate)

47
Q
  1. Cognitive Development (Piaget) (7-11 yrs)
A

a. This is the stage of concrete operational thought
b. Increased reasoning ability-although still somewhat rigid. Can think and articulate the process of thinking.
c. Better able to view a situation from another’s point of view, varying perspectives.

48
Q
  1. Conservation-
A

a. Physical properties & space

49
Q
  1. Classifications-
A

a. Including collecting objects

50
Q
  1. Serialization-
A

a. Arrangement of objects

51
Q
  1. School age spiritual development
A

a. They view god as human
b. Fascinations w/ the ideas of heaven and hell.
c. See illness/injury as a punishment
d. Rituals are a comfort and a part of the daily routines.

52
Q
  1. School age children develop a metalinguistic awareness that allows them to….
A

a. Appreciate jokes, puns, riddles.

53
Q
  1. School age body image
A

a. Body image comes from evaluating themselves vs. their peers. They may conceal perceived shortcomings of their body and may not express these concerns to family.

54
Q
  1. School age sexual development
A

a. Sexual educations should occur in a formal setting at this time.
b. May experiment with some form of sex play due to curiosity & attitudes are acquired based on how parents respond to sexual exploration.

55
Q
  1. Skill acquisition
A

a. Builds confidence

56
Q
  1. Physical activity
A

a. Builds muscle development, balance & coordination

57
Q
  1. School-age cooperative play
A

a. Builds social groups & relationships.
b. Ego mastery
c. Learn and follow rules-giving them a sense of belonging, team play, board games, clubs etc.
d. Organizational skills-collections

58
Q
  1. School age concerns: School experience
A

a. This is an essential experience as it transmits societal values, acts as a setting for peer relationships, & allows for structure in a child’s world.

59
Q
  1. Role of the teacher
A

a. It is primary to guide the intellectual development and can affect the student as they are a significant person and students seek their approval.

60
Q
  1. Role of the parents
A

a. Like the preschooler, parents have a strong influence on the school experience. Need to assure that homework is done and help as needed.

61
Q
  1. School age: discipline
A

a. Is important as it helps the child to stop inappropriate behavior, be aware of acceptable behavior for future situations, and help the child understand the reasons behind the acceptable vs. not accepted behaviors.

62
Q
  1. School age: Coping with stress
A

a. Children today experience more stress. School is a big component of this.
b. Exposure to violence still a problem.
c. Important to recognize when stress is occurring and develop coping mechanism to deal with it rather than internalizing which may cause the start of physical symptoms.

63
Q
  1. School age: Fears
A

a. Still persist and now include dying as they are fascinated by all aspects of death and dying.
b. Fear of failure & criticism.
c. Now may include school fears and bullying.
d. Children need to know their concerns are heard and understood.

64
Q
  1. Recommended number of sleep for school-age children
A

a. At least 9 hours

65
Q
  1. School-age physical activity
A

a. Require 60 min of activity everyday.

b. Encourage sports and participation.

66
Q
  1. School-age dental health
A

a. This is the time where they are loosing their deciduous teeth and secondary teeth are now present.

Nursing (22 decks)

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