470- first exam

Question 1

Most often associated with public health

Focus: HEATLH

Answer 1

Community-orientated nursing

Question 2

Most often associated with care of individuals and families

Focus: ILLNESS CARE

Answer 2

Community based nursing

Question 3

Established nursing as a discipline
“District nursing” w/ Rathbone
Nursing’s first epidemiologist

Answer 3

Florence nightingale

Question 4

Established Henry Street Settlement w/ Brewster
Provided nursing care to poor families in their homes
Advocated for fee-based home care
Advocated for health-promoting social policies

Answer 4

Lillian Wald

Question 5

Started Frontier Nursing Services in Kentucky, modeled after the district nursing of England
Set up health centers and visited people in their homes
Introduced midwives

Answer 5

Mary Breckinridge

Question 6

3 core functions of public health nursing

Answer 6

Individual-focused
Community-focused
Systems-focused

Question 7

systematic data collection on population, monitoring of population’s health status, and making information available on health of the community

Answer 7

Assessment

Question 8

provide leadership in developing policies which support the health of the population, including use of the scientific knowledge base in decision-making.

Answer 8

Policy development

Question 9

role of PH in ensuring that essential community-wide health services are available including:

Answer 9

Assurance

Question 10

Medicare, part A

Answer 10

Hospital, covers:

• Hospital care
• Skilled nursing facility care
• Nursing home care
• Hospice
• Home health services

Question 11

Medicare, part B

Answer 11

Medical
2 types: medically necessary services and preventive services

Covers:

• clinical research
• ambulance services
• DME
• Mental health
• Getting a 2nd opinion b4 surgery
• Limited outpatient drugs

Question 12

Medicare, part D

Answer 12

Drug plan

Question 13

a. Responsible for monitoring health status and enforcing laws and regulations that protect and improve the public’s health
b. Distribute federal and state funds to local public health agencies to implement programs at the community level
c. Examples of programs: communicable disease programs, maternal and child health programs; chronic disease prevention programs; injury prevention programs
d. Provide oversight and consultation for local public health agencies
e. Do not provide health services

Answer 13

State public health agencies

Question 14

Develop regulations that implement policies formulated by Congress and provide a significant amount of funding to state and territorial health agencies to:
Provide public health services through the National Health Services Corps to medically underserved areas
Survey the nation’s health status and health needs
Set practice and standards
Provide expertise that facilitates evidence-based practices
Coordinate public health activities that cross state lines
Support health services research

Answer 14

Federal public health agencies

Question 15

Responsibilities vary depending on locality
Governed locally by a board of health appointed by county or city elected officials
Generally responsible for implementing and enforcing local, state, and federal public health codes and ordinances
Provide directly or assure the provision of essential public health programs to a community such as communicable disease monitoring

Answer 15

Local public health agencies

Question 16

Morbidity

Answer 16

Is the incidence rate of a disease. It can be measured in incidence rate, prevalence rate (prevalence proportion), attack rate

Question 17

Mortality

Answer 17

a measure of the number of deaths from a specific cause in a population, usually calculated for a specific group, i.e age- specific, gender-specific, or race-specific

Question 18

incidence rate

Answer 18

The frequency of rate of new cases of an outcome in a population; it provides an estimate of the risk of disease in the population over the period of observation. The incidence rate is an indication of how rapidly disease is developing in a population.
-Calculated by number of new cases divided by the population times 100,000

Question 19

Prevalence rate

Answer 19

A measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time
-Calculated by taking the number of existing cases divided by current population

Question 20

Describes the extent of an outbreak in terms of who, where, and when

Answer 20

Descriptive epidemiology

• Person: demographic data
• Time: Days, weeks, decades, epidemic period
• Place: home, school, hospital/hospital unit, community/county, country, state

Question 21

Analytic epidemiology

Answer 21

Seeks to answer how and why a disease occurs and the effects of the disease (causal relationship between a risk factor and a specific disease or health condition)
-The occurrence of diseases is studied in two ways: experimental & observational (cohort and case-control)

Question 22

Once referred to as prospective (concurrent) studies because a cohort study follow the population forward in time from suspected cause to effect.
They may also be called retrospective (historical).

Answer 22

Cohort study design

Question 23

Dividing a group of people on the basis of smoking status and then following them for 20 years to see if they develop lung cancer.

Answer 23

Cohort study design

Question 24

The researcher works backward from the effect (health outcome/condition) to the suspected cause.
These studies are often referred to as retrospective studies since they look back in time.

Answer 24

Case-control study design

Question 25

study of social conditions that play a role and influence the health of populations.
-measures the impact of the social environment on health outcomes

Answer 25

Social epidemiology

Question 26

Contextual effect

Answer 26

individual level

ex: relationship between income and income inequality. Women make less than men.

Question 27

Compositional effect

Answer 27

Environmental level

ex: proportion of people living in poverty

Question 28

Socioeconomic status, income, income inequality, education, occupation, discrimination

Answer 28

Social determinants

Question 29

how has your dx affected your family?

Answer 29

Family as context

-individual at center

Question 30

tell me what has been going on with your health since your mother was diagnosed with cancer?

Answer 30

Family as client

-family at center

Question 31

how do you feel your son’s long term rehab will affect the family?

Answer 31

Family as system

-Focus is on interaction/family as a system)

Question 32

how do you view your family’s role in the community?

Answer 32

Family as society

-family as an institute

Question 33

• Social science
• Similar to family as part of society
• Goal: Reconnect the family w/community

Answer 33

Structure-function

Question 34

• Physics and biology
• Similar to family as a system
• Clients are participating members of a family
• Attention to families interactions with one another and the community
• Goal: restore equilibrium

Answer 34

Systems

Question 35

• Psychology
• Views family systems over time
• Family has predictable history
• Emphasizes transitions
• Goal: facilitate transitions

Answer 35

Developmental

Question 36

• Interacting personalities and symbolic communication
• Define role expectations through perceptions of role demands
• Dependent on responses of others
• Predict expectations for roles
• Communication is a major focus
• Goal: streamline

Answer 36

Interactional