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Developmental Psychology > Prenatal Development and the Newborn > Flashcards

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Flashcards

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1
Q

What is epigenesis? (Aristotle)

A

The emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development.

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2
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A
  1. Germinal. 2. Embryo. 3. Fetal.
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3
Q

When does the germinal stage occur? (time-wise)

A

From 0-2 weeks.

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4
Q

What are the major achievements of the germinal stage? (2)

A
  1. Rapid cell division. 2. Attachment to uterine wall.
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5
Q

When does the germinal stage start and end (as marked by achievements)?

A

Start: Conception. End: Attachment to uterine wall.

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6
Q

When does the embryo stage occur? (time-wise).

A

2nd to 8th week.

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7
Q

When does the embryo stage start and end (as marked by achievements).

A

Start: Attachment to uterine wall. End: Formation of bone cells.

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8
Q

What are the major achievements of the embryo stage? (4)

A
  1. Growth (1/4in-1in). 2. Cell differentiation. 3. Major organs formed. 4. Movement.
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9
Q

When does the fetal stage occur?

A

8th-38th week.

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10
Q

When does the fetal stage start and end (as marked by achievements)?

A

Start: Formation of bone cells. End: Birth.

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11
Q

What are the major achievements of the fetal stage? (4)

A
  1. Growth. 2. Movement felt by mother. 3. Hearing. 4. Sensitive to light.
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12
Q

What determines the differentiation of stem cells? (3)

A
  1. Location. 2. Neighboring cells. 3. Which genes are switched on.
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13
Q

What does not determine the differentiation of a stem cell?

A

Stage of development.

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14
Q

What is a neural tube? What does it become?

A

A groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

What is the amniotic sac?

A

A transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus.

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16
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A support organ for the fetus; permits selective materials to be transported from mom to fetus.

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17
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

A tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and placenta.

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18
Q

What is cephalocaudal development?

A

The pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head.

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19
Q

Does the embryo differentiate? If so? How?

A

Yes. It differentiates into three layers.

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20
Q

What is Thalidomide?

A

Teratogen that influences limb development.

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21
Q

What is a sonogram used for? (2)

A
  1. Determine the age of the fetus. 2. Check development of heart rate; structures, etc.
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22
Q

When does growth slow?

A

At around 7 months.

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23
Q

What is the current age of viability?

A

22-26 weeks.

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24
Q

What is the average birth length?

A

20in.

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25
Q

What is the average birth weight?

A

7 pounds.

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26
Q

Does father elements affect the child’s development (from conception)?

A

Yes, age, and stress.

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27
Q

What is the APGAR assessment?

A

Quick assessment of the infant after birth.

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28
Q

What are the five scales of the APGAR assessment?

A

Appearance, Grimace, Activity, Reflexes.

29
Q

What is meant by the activity scale?

A

Muscle tone.

30
Q

What is the United States rate of infant mortality?

A

5.8 death / 1,000 births.

31
Q

What is the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) designed for?

A

Designed to assess infant functioning over the first month of life.

32
Q

Which assessment is used mostly for research?

A

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS).

33
Q

Which assessment is used mostly for clinical use?

A

The APGAR.

34
Q

What are the dimensions of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS)? (3)

A
  1. Neurological. 2. Behavioral. 3. Reflexes.
35
Q

What is the neurological dimension of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS)?

A

Based on intensity of responses.

36
Q

What is the behavioral dimention of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS)?

A

Focuses on state of arousal (sleep to crying).

37
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic, stereotyped response to a specific stimuli.

38
Q

Do infant assessments generally correlate with psychological functioning later in life?

A

No.

39
Q

What are the type of reflexes looked for? (4)

A
  1. Absent. 2. Weak or delayed. 3. Re-emerges. 4. Doesn’t drop out.
40
Q

What type of reflexes are there? (4)

A
  1. Feeding. 2. Primitive. 3. Locomotion. 4. Postural.
41
Q

What is a state?

A

A continuum of arousal ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.

42
Q

What percent of sleep do newborns spend in REM sleep?

A

50%, which decreases over time.

43
Q

At what weight are newborns said to be of low birth weight?

A

Those that weigh 5.5 pounds or less.

44
Q

What are the long-term outcomes of those of low birth weight? (2)

A
  1. They have more developmental problems, including psychiatric ones. 2. Most generally end up within normal developmental measures
45
Q

When does the fetus begin moving in the womb? What kind of movement is it?

A

5-6 weeks after conception. Simple bending of the head and spine.

46
Q

When do hiccups begin to emerge?

A

At around 7 weeks.

47
Q

By what week do the movements, that will be present at birth, emerge?

A

At around 12 weeks.

48
Q

When does the fetus start breathing-like movements?

A

At around 10 weeks.

49
Q

What is the dose-response relation?

A

A relation in which the effect of exposure to an element increases with the extent of exposure (prenatally, the more exposure a fetus has to a potential teratogen, the more severe its effect is likely to be).

50
Q

What is the most sensitive or critical period of prenatal development?

A

The first two weeks.

51
Q

When does every major organ undergo development (prenatally)?

A

Between the 3rd and 9th week.

52
Q

What syndrome can occur if the mother uses opioids?

A

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). A form of drug withdrawal.

53
Q

What problems can occur if the the mother smokes while pregnant?

A

Results in less oxygen for baby. Can cause low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and other problems such as, lower IQ, hearing deficits, ADHD.

54
Q

What can result if the mother drinks alcohol while pregnant?

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

55
Q

What are the main symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)? (3)

A
  1. Facial deformities. 2. Intellectual disability. 3. Attention problems and hyperactivity.
56
Q

What maternal factors influence prenatal development? (4)

A
  1. Age. 2. Nutrition. 3. Disease. 4. Emotional state.
57
Q

What are the general effects of malnutrition?

A

Affects growth of fetal brain. Have smaller brains, containing fewer brain cells.

58
Q

What is the awake-alert state?

A

A state in which infants are fairly inactive but attentive to the environment.

59
Q

What is the quiet sleep state?

A

Deep sleep. Non-REM sleep.

60
Q

What is the drowsiness state?

A

Transition between the alert and sleep states.

61
Q

What is the awake-active state?

A

Movement with purpose, rhythmically stretching arms and kicking legs. This movement reinforces the connection between the baby’s brain and body muscles.

62
Q

What is developmental resilience?

A

Successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards.

63
Q

What are the two characteristics of children with developmental resilience?

A
  1. Certain personal characteristics, especially intelligence, responsiveness to others, and a sense of being capable of achieving their goals. 2. Responsive care from someone.
64
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

When stroked on cheek near mouth, they turn head in the direction of the touch and open their mouth.

65
Q

What are the sucking and swallowing reflexes?

A

Sucking and swallowing when in oral contact of the mother’s breast.

66
Q

What is the grasping reflex?

A

Newborns close their fingers around anything that presses against the palm of their hand.

67
Q

What is the moro reflex?

A

Spreading/unspreading of arms in response to a loss of support.

68
Q

What is the babinski reflex?

A

A reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument.

69
Q

What can the babinski reflex tell us?

A

Normal, if toes curve down and inwards. Indicates nervous system damage if toes curve up.

Developmental Psychology (20 decks)

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