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Developmental Psychology > Biology of Behavior and Growth and Development > Flashcards

Biology of Behavior and Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of study did Murphy et al. (2015) conduct? What was it about?

A

A longitudinal study about asthma.

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2
Q

What are examples of targeted rejection?

A

Romantic partner ending relationship. Getting fired.

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3
Q

What was the control group of the Murphy et al. (2015) experiment?

A

Similar events but experienced not targeted rejection (chose to end relationship; being one of many people to be “let go.”)

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4
Q

What is targeted rejection associated with? (3)

A
  1. Depression. 2. Physiological reactions. 3. Increased inflammatory activity.
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5
Q

What are moderating variables?

A

They influence the strength of an effect, making it stronger or weaker.

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6
Q

In the Murphy et al. (2015) study, what were the main results?

A

Event influenced genetics, but impact varied by perceived social status.

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7
Q

What does mRNA due, in the context of the Murphy et al. (2015) study?

A

Regulates the binding of cortisol.

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8
Q

How did targeted rejection affect mRNA levels, in the context of the Murphy et al. (2015) study?

A

Targeted rejection lead to lower levels of mRNA.

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9
Q

Which group received the greatest impact in the Murphy et al. (2015) study?

A

Those with high perceived social status.

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10
Q

What is the theory of probabilistic epigenetics? Who is associated with the theory?

A

Development is bidirectional (interacting biology and environment that are part of a bigger system). Gottlieb.

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11
Q

What are secular trends?

A

Marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations.

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12
Q

At around what age do boys and girls stop developing at about the same rate?

A

At around 10-12 years of age.

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13
Q

What is “failure to thrive”?

A

A condition in which infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain weight for no obvious medical reason.

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14
Q

When is full height reached, on average, for girls?

A

15.5 years of age for girls.

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15
Q

When is full height reached, on average, for boys?

A

17.5 years of age for boys.

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16
Q

What is the benefit of a baby breast-feeding? (3)

A
  1. Bacteria free. 3. Strengthens baby’s immune system. 3. Contains mother’s antibodies which fight against common infectious agents around after birth.
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17
Q

Is early growth continuous or discontinuous?

A

Discontinuous, baby’s can have dramatic spurts occurring in a single day.

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18
Q

What are five reasons to learn about growth and motor development?

A
  1. Determine reasonable expectations for child. 2. Develop screening tools. 3. Size and motor ability influence others’ perceptions of the child. 4. Rate of growth and motor development have implications for the child. 5. Humans are complex systems.
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19
Q

What are the reasons to learn about growth and motor development to determine reasonable expectations for a child? (2)

A
  1. Need to know what is typical (and not typical) of children of a particular age. 2. Need to know how much variation there is in development.
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20
Q

What are some kinds of variation there can be in growth and motor development, in general?

A
  1. In different and same age children. 2. In same child in a short period of time.
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21
Q

What are the reasons to learn about growth and motor development to develop screening tools?

A

In order to be able to find variations from the norm that may show delayed, accelerated, or asymmetrical development.

22
Q

How can we screen for growth and motor development problems? (2)

A
  1. Measure weight, length, head circumference. 2. Observe reflexes to make inferences about the functioning of the nervous system.
23
Q

How good are growth and motor development screens at predicting future problems? (2)

A
  1. They are only a rough indicator. 2. They do not generally correlate highly with later measures of intelligence.
24
Q

How does the size and the motor ability influence others’ perceptions of the child? (3)

A
  1. Make inferences about competence. 2. About athletic ability. 3. Beliefs influence our interactions with children.
25
Q

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseae (1712-1778) believe?

A
  1. Believed that children were born good and corrupted by society. 2. Thought that parents should just “Let genes unfold.”
26
Q

What did John Locke (1632-1704) believe?

A

Believed children were shaped by life experiences. “Blank slates”.

27
Q

What did John Watson (1878-1958) believe?

A

That the environment was extremely important. Could mold anyone into any profession or kind of person.

28
Q

What is polygenetic inheritance?

A

Inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene.

29
Q

What are endophenotypes?

A

Intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous systems, that do not involve overt behavior.

30
Q

What are regulator genes?

A

Genes that control the activity of other genes.

31
Q

What does heritablity apply to? Populations, groups, or individuals?

A

Populations (of the study’s population).

32
Q

What is the equal environments assumption?

A

The claim, underlying behavioral genetics designs that MZ twins share environments that are equally similar as those shared by DZ twins.

33
Q

Does a heritability estimate apply to a particular population living in a particular environment?

A

Yes.

34
Q

What is neurogenesis and when does it begin?

A

The proliferation of neurons through cell division. It begins about 42 days after conception and is virtually complete by the midway point of gestation.

35
Q

Do we generate new neurons during life?

A

Yes, during bouts of learning such as in the hippocampus.

36
Q

Can neurogenesis during life be inhibited?

A

Yes, by stress.

37
Q

[Brain Development] What are spines?

A

Formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites’ capacity to form connections with other neurons.

38
Q

What is white matter? Why is it white?

A

Myelinated portions of axons. It is white because the myelination.

39
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

The process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections.

40
Q

At what time in adolescence does the amount of gray matter increase dramatically? When does it peak? When does it end?

A

At around 11 or 12 years of age, peaks during puberty, and begins to decline as some of it is replaced by white matter.

41
Q

How does myelination occur throughout the brain?

A

From the deeper parts of the brain upward and outwards into the cortex. Various cortical areas become myelinated at various rates.

42
Q

What is cerebral lateralization?

A

The specialization of the hemisphere of the brain for different modes of processing.

43
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The capacity of the brain to be affected by experience.

44
Q

What is experience-expectant plasticity?

A

The process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of experience that every human who inhibits any reasonably normal environment will have.

45
Q

What is experience-dependent plasticity?

A

The process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual’s experience.

46
Q

By what age does reaching typically occur?

A

At around 4 months.

47
Q

By what age does crawling typically occur?

A

At around 8-9 months.

48
Q

By what age does walking typically occur?

A

At around 12-18 months.

49
Q

What is the period of most rapid growth?

A

The first 2 years.

50
Q

At what age do boys and girls stop growing at roughly the same rate?

A

At around 10-12 years of age.

51
Q

At what age does sitting independently typically occur?

A

At around 7 months.

52
Q

What is proximal-distal development?

A

The development of motor skills from the center of the body outwards.

Developmental Psychology (20 decks)

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