prenatal development

Question 1

five principle stages

Answer 1

1) germ layer formation
- initial organization of craniofacial structures
2) neural tube formation
- oropharynx
3) origins, migrations, and interactions of cell populations
-especially neurocrest cells
- hemifacial microsomnia
4) formation of organ systems
- pharyngeal arches, primary and secondary palates
- cleft lip and palate
5) final differentiation of tissue
- skeletal, muscular, and nervous
- crouzon syndrome

Question 2

gestation

Answer 2

1) 266 days from fertilization
2) ovum every 28 days, lasts 24 hours
3) millions of sperm, viable 6 dys
4) conceptions most likely on day of ovulation or 2 days preceding

Question 3

three periods of prenatal development

Answer 3

1) proliferative
weeks 1-2
2) embryonic (organogenetic)
weeks 3-8
3) fetal
week 9 - birth

Question 4

development of the head and face is one of the most complex events

Answer 4

youtube video

Question 5

development of the face

Answer 5

1) TFs and signalling molecules coordinate it
2) 4th week of gestation
3) migration of neural crest cells combine with mesodermal cells and establish facial primordia
4) maxillary prominences enlarge and grow towards each other and the nasal prominences
5) disturbances can result in craniofacial anomolies

Question 5

genes in craniofacial morphogenesis

Answer 5

1) polarizing signals
2)GFs and receptors
3) TFs
4) cell adhesion molecules
5) ECM

Question 5

complex choreography

Answer 5

1) mesenchymal and epithelial tissues response to TFs and GFs
2) mutation or interruptions of process leads to congenital anomalies of facial and airway structures
3 ) 4 week
- upregulated genes
4) 5th weeks
- upregulated in frontonasal
5) 6 weeks
- lateral and mesial nasal prominences

Question 6

germ layer derivatives

Answer 6

1) ectoderm
- neural crest
- nervous system, skin, hair
2) mesoderm
- muscles, bones, and circulatory system
3) endoderm
- digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and other vital organs
4) almost all the tissue of the face and neck originate from ectoderm

Question 7

sensitivity during embryonic period

Answer 7

1) different systems vary in sensitivity
2) morphogenic / organogenic period
3) fetal period has functions, and less so morphogenesis
- except the palate, which is closing

Question 8

malformed conceptuses

Answer 8

1) only 10% of malformation progress to birth
2) 8% diagnoses at birth
3) 2% diagnoses later

Question 9

congenital anomaly

Answer 9

1) deviation from normal shape or structure of a body part dating from birth

Question 10

congenital disease

Answer 10

deviation from function, without or without anomaly

Question 11

major congenital anomalies

Answer 11

1) 3%
2) with minor goes up to 6-15%

Question 12

causes of congenital

Answer 12

1) environmental / genetic 65%
2) genetic 25%
3) environmental 10%

Question 13

genetic

Answer 13

1) genetic factors play a role in etiology and it can be passed from individual to offspring

Question 14

nongenetic

Answer 14

anomaly caused by environment, non genetic factors that disturb genetically programmed development of a fetus

Question 15

most congenital anomalies result from

Answer 15

genetic x environment
- multifactor
- genetic: susceptibility
- environment: triggering them ^
- ex NTD, congenital heart defect, etc

Question 16

lifestyle choices

Answer 16

1) diet, smoking, and environmental factors affect disease risk

Question 17

food is medicine

Answer 17

1) change likelihood of agouti obese animal on the bases of nutrients that were given to mother during pregnancy
2) epigenetic modification
- methyl group turning on/off
3) BPA exposure and gave them methyl donors was able to reverse the effect

Question 18

cleft palate and lip

Answer 18

1) 1st most common anomaly
2) multifactorial etiology and risk of recurrance
- sex of person also affects it
3) start during formation of organ systems

Question 19

hemifcial microsomnia

Answer 19

1) origins, migrations, and interactions of cell populations, especially neurocrest cells

Question 20

crouzon syndrome

Answer 20

1) facial differentiation of tissue