arch length analysis

Question 1

palmer system

Answer 1

1) ortho usually use the palmer system
2) 1-8 and there is a quadrant system

Question 2

review

Answer 2

1) spacing in the primary incisor region is the primate space
- mesial to canine in mx
- distal to canine in mn

Question 3

incisor liability

Answer 3

1) difference between the amount of space needed for permanent incisors vs space available for
2) transitional stage of mandibular crowding at age 8-9

Question 4

where did the extra space come from to align the lower incisors

Answer 4

1 )slight increase in width of dental arch
- across the canines
- 2 mm
2) labial positioning of the permanent incisors relative to the primary incisors
- 1-2 mm
3) repositioning of the canines in the mandibular arch
- move slightly back into primate space

Question 5

leeway space

Answer 5

1) premolars are smaller than primary molars
- nance
- 0.9 mm on each upper quad
- 1.7 on each lower quad
2) proffit
- 1.5 mm on each upper quad
- 2.5 mm on each lower quad
—
1) used for correction of crowding and molar drift

Question 6

correction of crowding

Answer 6

1) mesial migration closes spacing difference
2) by holding molars back, you can maintain the space

Question 7

molar drift

Answer 7

1) occlusal relationships of the primary and permanent molars

Question 8

space analysis

Answer 8

1) a comparison between the amount of space available for the alignment of the teeth and the amount of space required to align them
2) important to quantify the amount of crowding within the arches, because tx varies depending on the severity of the crowding

Question 9

the amount of space available

Answer 9

1) measure arch perimeter
- one first molar to the other
- over the contact points of posterior teeth and incisal edge of anterior teeth
2) 2 ways to measure
- divide dental arch into segments that can be measured as straight line approximations of the arch
- by contouring a piece of wire to the line of occlusion and them straightening it out for measurement

Question 10

amount of space required

Answer 10

1) measure the mesiodistal width of each tooth
- contact to contact
2) sum of the widths of the individual tooth

Question 11

space analysis

Answer 11

1) space available > space required
- excess
2) vice versa (crowding)

Question 12

mixed dentition arch length analysis

Answer 12

1) estimates if there will be enough space for the permanent canine and premolars if the molars are held in their current position
- helps to determine if it is a non extraction case
- determine post treatment stability of the incisors
- only done in the lower arch, as upper and lower arches are

Question 13

4 common analysis

Answer 13

1) direct measurement
2) estimation from proportionality table
3) johnston - tanaka
4) hixon - oldfather

Question 14

when to use these analyses

Answer 14

1) mixed dentition only
2) tell if there is enough space for canine and premolar eruption
3) severely crowding cases do not need analysis
4) to answer parent’s question

Question 15

direct measurement

Answer 15

1) measurement of erupted teeth
2) measure space available
- distance from M of permanent first molar to the M of permanent first molar
3) measure the space required
- measure actual widths of erupted teeth on study model and unerupted teeth on radiograph
4) SA-SR = discrepancy for each side

Question 16

measurement of teeth on radiograph

Answer 16

1) use PA
2) necessary to compensate for enlargement of the radiographic image => use proportional relationship
—
true width of primary molar/apparent width of primary molar = true width of unerupted premolar / apparent width of unerupted premolar

Question 17

direct measurement factors

Answer 17

1) little predictive value
2) fair to good accuracy
3) contralateral teeth can estimate widths of unerupted teeth
4) lower canine and premolars need at least 23 mm of space

Question 18

estimation from proportionality table

Answer 18

1) good relationship between erupted perm incisors and
- unerupted canines and premolars
2) moyer’s prediciton table

Question 19

johnson tanaka

Answer 19

1) measure space available
- MD dimension of the 4 lower incisors plus the CDE space on each side
2) space required
- widths of four lower incisors + 21 = width of lower permanent canines and premolars
(then add this width of 4 incisors)
3) SA - SR = discrepancy

Question 20

hixon - oldfather

Answer 20

1) measure space available
2) space required
- direct measurement of the permanent premolars from the PAs and incisors from the cast
- predict the size of unerupted canines
- use prediction graph
3 )SA - SR = discrepancy

Question 21

space analysis notes

Answer 21

1) prediction tables work well only for the population group from which they are derived
- northern european descent
- best prediction: hixon oldfather
- followed by tanaka - johnston and moyers
- superior to measurement from radiographs
2) direct measurement from radiograph can be applied for all ethnic groups, however

Question 22

practical application

Answer 22

1) if SA = Sr
- the leeway space must be maintained
- space maintenance appliance to prevent mesial migration
2) if SA < SR (1-4) mild crowding
- expansion, headgear, lip bumper
3) SA<SR (>5mm) very crowded
- consider tooth mass reduction by IPR or extraction in permanent dentition

Question 23

expansion

Answer 23

1) incisors can be pushed facially
- small amount so it doesnt leave bone
2) posteriors can be pushed in transverse region

Question 24

space analysis assumptions

Answer 24

1) A-P position of incisor is correct
- no protrusion/retrusion
- protrusion = crowding
2) space available will not change due to growth
- dentition shifted by jaw discrepancy
- less accurate for class II and class III skeletons
3) all teeth are present and normal in size
- check radiographs

Question 25

goals of treatment

Answer 25

1) defined and time limited
2) shouldn’t be excessively long
- burn out
3) precise tooth movements are not needed unless you can predict a second phase will not be needed
4) are there any guidelines?

Question 26

AAO recommendations for occlusion

Answer 26

1) molar relationship usually end on, slightly forward to class I
2) nicely aligned permanent incisors often with mamelons (1-3) OB or OJ
3) small space either mesial or distal to primary canines

Question 27

mixed dentition treatment corrects skeletal rather than dental

Answer 27

1) protrusive or retrusive maxilla
- retrusive mandible
2) dental problems
- crossbite
- midline deviation
- delayed exfoliation
- deep bite
3) habits
- finger sucking
4) craniofacial anomalies
- cleft palate

Question 28

localized space loss (3 mm or less)

Answer 28

1) mandibular arch
- bilateral cases you can use lingual arch or combo with braces

Question 29

moderate to severe generalized crowding

Answer 29

1) lingual arch
- can tip incisors 1-2 mm anterior which can give 4 mm of arch length
- only if incisors are retrusive and enough keratinized tissue
- OB is deep to normal
2) severe crowding
- common symptom is normal incisor alignment but early loss of canines
- choices: expand, procline lower incisors, distalize molars, serial extraction

Question 30

fenestration

Answer 30

1) pushing incisors too forward
2) thin bone and less attached gingiva

Question 31

serial extraction

Answer 31

1) indications
- severe crowding >10mm
- dentoalveolar protrusion
- OB normal or slightly open
- thin attached tissue lower incisors
- protrusive profile
- skeletal and preferably dental class I occlusion

Question 32

serial extraction sequence

Answer 32

1) ext primary incisors as needed
2) primary canines to facilitate firt premolars to erupt before lower canines
3) ext first primary molars when roots are 1/2-3/4 root formed
- it is obvious canine will erupt before premolar then enucleate the first premolar when extracting the first primary molar
- want to avoid this because first premolar eruption will bring bone
4) second primary molars exfoliate normally, and you can always tell a serial extraction case from the tenting of the roots of canines and second premolars (canines erupt distally and second molars erupt mesially)