nature of craniofacial growth Flashcards
size and shape
1) between 2-6 years
- children grow 3 inches and 4.5 lbs per year
2) 46 lbs at age 6 and measures 46 inches
3) need fewer calories during preschool
growth variations related to
1) normal variations
2) hereditary
3) changes in proportions among tissue systems
4) birth weight
5) nutrition
6 )ethnicity
7) environment
8) etc.
changes in body proportions
1) reflect cephalocaudal gradient
- closer to brain = grow faster sooner and slower later
brain growth and development
1) brain is fastest at developing than other parts in childhood
2) rapid cognitive and motor ability
3) 5 years 90% size
4) 7 years full size
5) several areas of the brain undergo notable expansion: thinking and coordination, emotion
6) age 5: growth in corpus callosum allow coordinated functions
change in facial propertions
1) neural and general body growth interaction
2) maxilla influenced by cranial base
2) mandible close to general body growth
genetics
1) heredity has strong influence on growth
gender
1) sex differences are more obvious in adolescence and adult
2) in preschools, boys are little larger
- but similar up to puberty
low birth weight
1) premature birth
2) immaturity of organs
- esp respiratory
3) most do catch up in growth
chronic illness
1) congenital heart disease, endocrine dysfunction can lead to growth retardation (height and weight)
short term illness
1) fluctuations in growth rates, little long term impact
2) ex. pneumonia, diarrhea
psychological and emotion
1) can affect growth
nutrition
1) inadequate, the growth is depressed
2) if adequate, extra calories does no lead to increase in growth
ethnic culture
1) influence on growth
urban and rural
some differences between
socioeconomic
1) size and number of children are more significant in developing countries
dental ages does not
track well with other developmental ages
methohds of aging an individual
1) chronological
2) dental
3) skeletal
chronological
1) years since birht
dental age
1) three characteristics
- erupted teeth
- resorption of primary roots
- development of permanentss
skeletal age
1) maturation of skeleton
2) SMI on hand wrist radiograph
developmental vs chronological
1) strong correlation between the two
2) coefficient about 0.8
64% predictability
dental vs chronological
1) least correlation
2) coefficient 0.7
- 48% predictability
orthodontic use
1) use both chronological and dental age
2) skeletal age can be used for growth potential remaining
- determine via hand wrist (best) radiograph cervical vertebrae on ceph
Wilhelm roentgen
1) discovered xrays in 1895
xray facts
1) nobel prize in physics
2) major medical breakthrough
- but many doctors got cancer from exposure
3) some shoe store used xrays for feet
hand wrist and cervical radiographs
1) standard: hand wrist films is best
2) but not usually avail in dental offices
why still use films
1) chronological age is not good predictor of skeletal growth or velocity
2) treatment modalities benefit from growth and development
cervical vertebral maturation
1) we have available
2) can help on TP
