prenatal dev and concern Flashcards
Determinants of intra-uterine growth and birth weight
- infant sex
-maternal height - pregnancy weight
- alcohol consumption
- pregnancy height and weight
- maternal birth weight
- parity (nmb of pregnancies)
- gestational weight gain
- prior low birth weight infant
- caloric intake
- cigarette smoking
- pregnancy height and weight
- tobacco chewing
- socioeconomic status
what os classified as low birth weight
< 2,500gm (5lbs 8oz)
two groups of low birth weight
- pre-term (born before 38-42wks)(physiological immaturity)
- small-for-date, small for gestational age, display intrauterine growth retardation or fetal growth restriction
low birth weight impact on postnatal growth
- shorter status during childhood and at maturity
- possible deficiencies in neuromuscular coordination and power
most common cause of spontaneous abortion
chromosomal abnormalities
other causes of miscarriage and myths
causes: maternal age, illness, lifestyle, trauma
myths: sex, working outside the home, moderate exercise
period where it is most critical with respect to genetic malformations
embryo
prenatal nutrition factors types
prenatal nutrition factors types
what is a teratogen
an environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or fetus
determinants of harm from teratogens
- babys genetic makeup
- amount of exposure
- time/duration of exposure
effects of smoking on prenatal growth
hypoxia
deficit 70g/0.7cm —> 9/day
deficit 210g/1com –> +20/day
results of maternal alcohol consumption
fetal growth restriction
abnormal facial dev
impairment of the CNS
maternal alcohol consumption effects on birth weight
<= 2/day = 65g loss
>= 2/dat = 150g weight loss
FAS/ARND meaning
FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome
ARND: alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders
why maternal exercise
- a dev fetus needs energy, oxygen for metabolism and growth
- has no -ve effect on fetal dev
- benefits for the mother are well documented
- guidelines are well established
guidelines for exercise during pregnancy
60-80% of age-predicted maximum maternal HR
thermoneutral controlled conditions
modereate intensity (12-14 borg scale)
unless contraindicated by doctor
genetic testing
includes: fetal ultrasound, maternal blood testing
screen:
- cystic fibrosis
- duchenne muscular dystrophy
- polycystic kidney disease
- sickle cell disease
- tay-sachs disease
- thalassemia
- down syndrome
why are infant reflexes important
- dominate mvt during latter half of pregnancy and first four months of infancy
- can provide imp diagnostic information of infant health and neurological maturation
- primitive reflexes are critical to ensuring nourishment and protection
- postural reflexes are considered the basis for more complex voluntary mvt of later infancy
infant reflex
will disapear by the end of the first year
ex; sucking, search or rooting, labyrinthine, exceptions include the parachuting reflexes
primitive reflexes what?
- dominate first 6months
- role to ensure survival
primitive reflexes and survival
what are primitive reflexes
- produced subcortically
- occur in all normally dev newborns
- appear during gestation + birth until 6months
- used for protection, nutrition or survival
- ex: sucking, rooting, labyrinthine
exemples of primitives reflexes
sucking
search
asymmetric tonic neck
symmetric tonic neck
palmar mandibular
palmar mental
Babinski
palmar grasp
Moro
startle
enduring
plantar gasp
Postural reflexes
-swimming
-head-righting
- labyrinthine
- crawling
- pull-up
- parachuting
- stepping
- body-righting
- side
- back
stereotypies
ex: thumb sucking, nail bitting
- rhythmic, patterned, centrally controlled mvt behaviour of infancy apparently not learned through imitation or a consequence of external stimuli
- purpose is uncertain: calming?
- simple, repetitive
