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PARASITOLOGY > PRELIM: INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

PRELIM: INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

_________

 Prefix “______” means besides, near, closely related
 Includes scientific study of life cycle and reproductive behavior, the ways in which they cause disease and the importance of the laboratory for diagnosis and methods of halting their multiplication.

A

PARASITOLOGY
PARA

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2
Q

 is the study of important parasites which causes diseases to humans (classification, symptoms, disease, lifecycle, transmission, treatment).

A

CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY

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3
Q

The living together of unlike organisms.

A

Symbiosis

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4
Q

SYMBIOSIS 3 FORMS:

A
  • Commensalism
  • Mutualism
  • Parasitism
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5
Q

___________

 Relationship that gives benefit to the parasite, but without reciprocating and without giving injury to the host
 Example: ________

A

COMMENSALISM, Entamoeba coli

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6
Q

_________
 Relationship that is beneficial to both parasite and its host
 Example: ________

A

MUTUALISM, flagellate and termite

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7
Q

____________
 Relationship that is beneficial to one (parasite) at the expense of the other (host).
 Example: ________

A

PARASITISM, Entamoeba histolytica

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8
Q

any living organism form which a parasite obtains nourishment and protection.

A

Host

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9
Q

kinds of host

A

 Definitive Host
 Intermediate Host
 Paratenic Host
 Reservoir Host

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10
Q

__________
 Harbors the sexual or the adult stage of the life cycle of a parasite
 Example: ________

A

DEFINITIVE HOST, human

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11
Q

__________
 Harbors the asexual or the larval stage of the larval stage of the parasite
 Example: ________

A

INTERMEDIATE HOST, snail

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12
Q

___________
 Harbors a parasite that lives within or on body surface long enough to serve as the source of infection
 Host other than a human that may also be parasitized by the same stage(s) of the parasite as humans
 Example: _________

A

RESERVOIR HOST, Mary Mallon

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13
Q

________
 A host that harbors the infective larval stage of a parasite in which no essential growth or development takes place.
 Serves as a means of transport for the infective larval stage to reach its final host.
 Example: ________

A

PARATENIC HOST, Cats and dogs

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14
Q

responsible for transmitting the parasite one host another.

A

Vectors

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15
Q

_________
 It transmits the parasites only after the parasite has completed its development within the host.
 Essential part in the life cycle of the parasite.
 Example: __________

A

BIOLOGICAL VECTOR, Aedes mosquito - Lymphatic filariasis

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16
Q

_________
 Only transport the parasites
 Example: _______

A

MECHANICAL VECTOR, flies and cockroaches

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17
Q

any organisms that lives inside or of the body surface pf another organism (host) which is usually larger organism that provides physical protection (shelter) and nourishment (food) for survival.

A

Parasites

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18
Q

 Parasites that live inside the host’s body.
 Infection

A

Endoparasite

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19
Q

 Parasites that live outside the host’s body.
 Infestation

A

Ectoparasite

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20
Q

A parasite is considered ______ when it’s found in an organ that is not its usual habitat.

A

ERRATIC

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21
Q

WHAT ARE THE PARASITES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST

A
  • Obligate Parasite
  • Facultative Parasite
  • Accidental Parasite
  • Permanent Parasite
  • Temporary Parasite
  • Spurious Parasite
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22
Q

They need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate
their species.

A

OBLIGATE PARASITE

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23
Q

 It may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises.

A

FACULTATIVE PARASITE

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24
Q

It establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live.

A

ACCIDENTAL PARASITE

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25
Q

It remains in the body of the host for its entire life.

A

PERMANENT PARASITE

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26
Q

It lives on the host only for a short period of time.

A

TEMPORARY PARASITE

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27
Q

It is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.

A

SPURIOUS PARASITE

28
Q

The process of inoculating an infective agent

A

Exposure

29
Q

It connotes the establishment of the
infective agent in the host.

A

Infection

30
Q

It harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.

A

Carrier

31
Q

 The period between protection and evidence of symptoms.
 Clinical Incubation

A

Incubation Period

32
Q

 The period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.
 Biologic Incubation Period

A

Pre-Patent Period

33
Q

 It results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.
 Enterobiasis (kigwa)

A

AUTO-INFECTION

34
Q

Sources of infection

A

 Contaminated Soil and Water - MOST
 Lack of sanitary toilets
 Use of night soil or human excreta as fertilizer
 Water
 Food
 Consumption of undercooked or raw freshwater fish
 Raw crabs
 Arthropods
 Cats
 Rats

35
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Foodborne

A

CESTODES
TREMATODES
Intestinal Protozoans

36
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Drinking contaminated water

A

 Entamoeba histolytica
 Giardia lamblia

37
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater fish

A

CLONORCHIS
OPISTHORCHIS
HAPLORCHIS

38
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Skin exposure to soil

A

HOOKWORMS
STRONGYLOIDES

39
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Enter skin via water

A

SCHISTOSOMA

40
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Anthropods

A

MALARIA
FILARIASIS
LEISHMANIASIS
TRYPANOSOMIASIS
BABESIOSI

41
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Congenital transmission

A

TOXOPLASMA GONDIL
ANCYLOSTOMA
STRONGYLOIDES

42
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Inhalation of Airborne Eggs

A

Enterobius

43
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Sexual intercourse

A

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

44
Q

INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

A

 Class
 Orders
 Families
 Genera
 Species

45
Q

The study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.

A

Epidemiology

46
Q

The number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.

A

Incidence

47
Q

 The number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.
 Usually expressed as percentage

A

prevalence

48
Q

The percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one
parasite.

A

Cumulative Prevalence

49
Q

 It refers to burden of infection that is related to the number of worms per infected person.
 It can be measured directly or indirectly
 Worm burden
 Directly = Counting expelled worms during treatment
 Indirectly = Counting helminth eggs excreted in the feces (# of eggs/gram)

A

intensity of infection

50
Q

Clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual’s well-being

A

Morbidity

51
Q

The use of anthelmintic drugs in an
individual or a public health program.

A

Deworming

52
Q

 It refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination of stool or urine sample using a procedure at a deworming.
 Usually expressed as percentage.

A

Cure Rate

53
Q
  • It is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after a treatment.
A

EGG REDUCTION RATE

54
Q

It involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds.

A

SELECTIVE TREATMENT

55
Q

It is a group-level deworming where the group to be treated may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.

A

TARGETED TREATMENT

56
Q

It is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics.

A

UNIVERSAL TREATMENT

57
Q

It is the regular, systematic, large- scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections.

A

PREVENTIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

58
Q

 It refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention.
 It could be the percentage of school- age children treated during a treatment day.

A

COVERAGE

59
Q

 It is the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context.

A

EFFICACY

60
Q

 It is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, Immunological, and epidemiological determinants.
 Qualitative and Quantitative diagnostic tests
 Cure Rate & Egg Reduction Rate

A

EFFECTIVENESS

61
Q

It is a genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.

A

DRUG RESISTANCE

62
Q

 It is the avoidance of illness caused by infections.
 It may be achieved by periodically
deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity.

A

MORBIDITY CONTROL

63
Q

It is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or Intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and the Infective agent.

A

INFORMATION EDUCATION COMMUNICATION

64
Q

 It involves interventions to reduce
environmental health risks.
 It also involves the control of vectors, intermediate hosts, and reservoirs of disease.

A

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

65
Q

 It is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta.
 It is usually combined with access to safe drinking water

A

SANITATION

66
Q

 Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidences of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

DISEASE ERADICATION

67
Q

It is a reduction to zero of the incidences of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

DISEASE ELIMINATION

PARASITOLOGY (12 decks)

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