PRELIM: INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY Flashcards
_________
Prefix “______” means besides, near, closely related
Includes scientific study of life cycle and reproductive behavior, the ways in which they cause disease and the importance of the laboratory for diagnosis and methods of halting their multiplication.
PARASITOLOGY
PARA
is the study of important parasites which causes diseases to humans (classification, symptoms, disease, lifecycle, transmission, treatment).
CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY
The living together of unlike organisms.
Symbiosis
SYMBIOSIS 3 FORMS:
- Commensalism
- Mutualism
- Parasitism
___________
Relationship that gives benefit to the parasite, but without reciprocating and without giving injury to the host
Example: ________
COMMENSALISM, Entamoeba coli
_________
Relationship that is beneficial to both parasite and its host
Example: ________
MUTUALISM, flagellate and termite
____________
Relationship that is beneficial to one (parasite) at the expense of the other (host).
Example: ________
PARASITISM, Entamoeba histolytica
any living organism form which a parasite obtains nourishment and protection.
Host
kinds of host
Definitive Host
Intermediate Host
Paratenic Host
Reservoir Host
__________
Harbors the sexual or the adult stage of the life cycle of a parasite
Example: ________
DEFINITIVE HOST, human
__________
Harbors the asexual or the larval stage of the larval stage of the parasite
Example: ________
INTERMEDIATE HOST, snail
___________
Harbors a parasite that lives within or on body surface long enough to serve as the source of infection
Host other than a human that may also be parasitized by the same stage(s) of the parasite as humans
Example: _________
RESERVOIR HOST, Mary Mallon
________
A host that harbors the infective larval stage of a parasite in which no essential growth or development takes place.
Serves as a means of transport for the infective larval stage to reach its final host.
Example: ________
PARATENIC HOST, Cats and dogs
responsible for transmitting the parasite one host another.
Vectors
_________
It transmits the parasites only after the parasite has completed its development within the host.
Essential part in the life cycle of the parasite.
Example: __________
BIOLOGICAL VECTOR, Aedes mosquito - Lymphatic filariasis
_________
Only transport the parasites
Example: _______
MECHANICAL VECTOR, flies and cockroaches
any organisms that lives inside or of the body surface pf another organism (host) which is usually larger organism that provides physical protection (shelter) and nourishment (food) for survival.
Parasites
Parasites that live inside the host’s body.
Infection
Endoparasite
Parasites that live outside the host’s body.
Infestation
Ectoparasite
A parasite is considered ______ when it’s found in an organ that is not its usual habitat.
ERRATIC
WHAT ARE THE PARASITES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
- Obligate Parasite
- Facultative Parasite
- Accidental Parasite
- Permanent Parasite
- Temporary Parasite
- Spurious Parasite
They need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate
their species.
OBLIGATE PARASITE
It may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises.
FACULTATIVE PARASITE
It establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live.
ACCIDENTAL PARASITE
It remains in the body of the host for its entire life.
PERMANENT PARASITE
It lives on the host only for a short period of time.
TEMPORARY PARASITE
It is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.
SPURIOUS PARASITE
The process of inoculating an infective agent
Exposure
It connotes the establishment of the
infective agent in the host.
Infection
It harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.
Carrier
The period between protection and evidence of symptoms.
Clinical Incubation
Incubation Period
The period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.
Biologic Incubation Period
Pre-Patent Period
It results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.
Enterobiasis (kigwa)
AUTO-INFECTION
Sources of infection
Contaminated Soil and Water - MOST
Lack of sanitary toilets
Use of night soil or human excreta as fertilizer
Water
Food
Consumption of undercooked or raw freshwater fish
Raw crabs
Arthropods
Cats
Rats
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Foodborne
CESTODES
TREMATODES
Intestinal Protozoans
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Drinking contaminated water
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater fish
CLONORCHIS
OPISTHORCHIS
HAPLORCHIS
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Skin exposure to soil
HOOKWORMS
STRONGYLOIDES
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Enter skin via water
SCHISTOSOMA
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Anthropods
MALARIA
FILARIASIS
LEISHMANIASIS
TRYPANOSOMIASIS
BABESIOSI
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Congenital transmission
TOXOPLASMA GONDIL
ANCYLOSTOMA
STRONGYLOIDES
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Inhalation of Airborne Eggs
Enterobius
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Sexual intercourse
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Class
Orders
Families
Genera
Species
The study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.
Epidemiology
The number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.
Incidence
The number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.
Usually expressed as percentage
prevalence
The percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one
parasite.
Cumulative Prevalence
It refers to burden of infection that is related to the number of worms per infected person.
It can be measured directly or indirectly
Worm burden
Directly = Counting expelled worms during treatment
Indirectly = Counting helminth eggs excreted in the feces (# of eggs/gram)
intensity of infection
Clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual’s well-being
Morbidity
The use of anthelmintic drugs in an
individual or a public health program.
Deworming
It refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination of stool or urine sample using a procedure at a deworming.
Usually expressed as percentage.
Cure Rate
- It is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after a treatment.
EGG REDUCTION RATE
It involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds.
SELECTIVE TREATMENT
It is a group-level deworming where the group to be treated may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.
TARGETED TREATMENT
It is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics.
UNIVERSAL TREATMENT
It is the regular, systematic, large- scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections.
PREVENTIVE CHEMOTHERAPY
It refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention.
It could be the percentage of school- age children treated during a treatment day.
COVERAGE
It is the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context.
EFFICACY
It is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, Immunological, and epidemiological determinants.
Qualitative and Quantitative diagnostic tests
Cure Rate & Egg Reduction Rate
EFFECTIVENESS
It is a genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.
DRUG RESISTANCE
It is the avoidance of illness caused by infections.
It may be achieved by periodically
deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity.
MORBIDITY CONTROL
It is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or Intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and the Infective agent.
INFORMATION EDUCATION COMMUNICATION
It involves interventions to reduce
environmental health risks.
It also involves the control of vectors, intermediate hosts, and reservoirs of disease.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
It is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta.
It is usually combined with access to safe drinking water
SANITATION
Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidences of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.
DISEASE ERADICATION
It is a reduction to zero of the incidences of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts.
DISEASE ELIMINATION
