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PREFINAL: TISSUE NEMATODES Flashcards

1
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis common name

A

RAT LUNGWORM

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2
Q

 1st described in Canton, China by Chen in 1935 from domestic rats
 Normally lives in the lung of the Rats

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis

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3
Q

Formerly under genus ________
now under genus Parastrongylus

A

Angiostrongylus

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4
Q

 Single-lobed, kidney
 Shaped: well-developed ______

A

Male Adult worm, caudal bursa

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5
Q

use for grasping into the body to the female body during copulation

A

caudal bursa

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6
Q

female adult worm lay _______ eggs daily (p. cantonensis)

A

15,000 eggs daily

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7
Q

“Barber’s Pole”?

A

female adult worm (p. cantonensis)

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8
Q

Appearance: uterine tubules wind
spirally in the intestine

A

female adult worm (p. cantonensis)

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9
Q

color of uterus of female adult worm

A

white

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10
Q

color of digestive tract of female adult worm

A

red

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11
Q

Infective stage of Molluscan Ih
(intermediate host of Parastrongylus)

A

1st stage larvae

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12
Q

Infective stage of rats and humans

A

3rd stage larvae

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13
Q

3rd stage larvae occur in???

A

brain

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14
Q

Penetrates the stomach to reach
bloodstream to access CNS

A

3rd stage larvae (12 days)

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15
Q

Undergo_____ molts to reach maturity – Adult worm

A

2

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16
Q

After final molt (Host: Rat) the young
adult migrate in ___________ to complete development

A

pulmonary arteries

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17
Q

Definitive hosts of Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

Rats

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18
Q

Intermediate hosts of Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

Mollusks

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19
Q

What are the mollusks

A

Acatina fulica
Hemiplecta sagittifera
Helicostyla macrostoma
Vagiilus plebeius
Veronicella altae

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20
Q

GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL

A

Acatina fulica

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21
Q

Paratenic hosts of Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

freshwater prawn/crabs

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22
Q

accidental host of Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

human

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23
Q

transmission is via
- Ingestion:

A

o Raw mollusk (ESCARGOT)
o Leafy vegetables (with mucus of
mollusks)
o Ingestion of prawn/crab
o Contaminated water

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24
Q

Adult worm lives in the______ and right ventricle of normal definitive host – RATS

A

pulmonary arteries

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25
Q

Female worm lays egg and it will hatched in the __________ of the rats – yield the 1st stage larvae

A

terminal branch of pulmonary arteries

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26
Q

Infective stage (humans & rats) of Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

3rd stage larvae

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27
Q

diagnostic stage of Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

Larvae migrate to brain

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28
Q

disease association of Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

Primary Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis

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29
Q

Incubation Period of Parastrongylus cantonensis (primary eosinophilic meningoencephalitis)

A

6-15 days

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30
Q

Meninges (diagnosis of Parastrongylus cantonensis)

A

Charcot-Leyden Crystals

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31
Q

in blood (diagnosis of Parastrongylus cantonensis)

A

eosinophilia (7%-36%)

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32
Q

CSF (diagnosis of Parastrongylus cantonensis)

A

 Eosinophils (>10%) and monocytes
 100-1000 WBC/uL
 Mildly elevated proteins
 Normal glucose

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33
Q

post-mortems (diagnosis of Parastrongylus cantonensis)

A

Immature worms in cerebrum/cerebellum

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34
Q

Dot-blot ELISA (100% sensitive)
specimen: blood (used in epidemiological survey)

A

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) and PCR

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35
Q

Treatment of Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

Mebendazole and Albendazole (China, Taiwan and Thailand)

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36
Q

Trichinella spiralis common names

A

trichina worm, muscle worm, great imitator

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37
Q

Trichinella spiralis can cause

A

trichinellosis

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38
Q

Most adaptive in domestic and wild
pigs

A

trichinella spiralis

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39
Q

adult worm occur in the???

A

small intestine

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40
Q

conical papillae (copulatory
appendage)

A

Male adult worms

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41
Q
  • Coiled/ club shaped uterus
  • Viviparous (gives birth to live
    larvae): lives on 30 days
  • 1,500 larvae (lifetime)
A

female adults worm

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42
Q

(gives birth to live larvae)

A

viviparous

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43
Q

Female adult worm can make?? (t. spiralis)

A

1,500 larvae (lifetime)

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44
Q
  • Diagnostic and infective stage
  • In muscle fibers
  • Spear-like, burrowing anterior tip
A

ENCYSTED STAGE

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45
Q

Definitive and Intermediate hosts
 Via ingestion of:

A

Raw/ Undercooked meats

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46
Q

maturation of trichinella spiralis adult worm

A

2 days

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47
Q

adult worm life span

A

5-7 days post-infection

48
Q

Life span in small bowel of trichinella spiralis adult worm

A

4 weeks
(after 1 week, female will released larvae and this will migrate to striated muscle where they encyst
 After 3 weeks, they will start to coil into their individual cyst

49
Q

Encapsulation of trichinella worm

A

4-5 weeks after infection

50
Q

Ave. life span of encysted larvae of t. spiralis

A

5-6 years and survived for up to 40 years in humans

51
Q

pigs and anthrophophilic
(human-loving) rodents/ horses

A

domestic cycle

52
Q

bears, moose, wild boars

A

sylvatic cycle

53
Q

Cardinal signs (primary or major
symptoms) of trichinellosis

A
  • Severe myalgia
  • Periorbital edema
  • Eosinophilia
54
Q

> 10 larvae

A

asymptomatic (light infection)

55
Q

150 – 500 larvae

A

symptomatic

56
Q

1,000 – 3,000 larvae

A

severe infection

57
Q

incubation and intestinal invasion

A

ENTERIC PHASE

58
Q

larval migration and muscle invasion (immunological, pathological and metabolic reaction – inflammatory reaction) eosinophilia, releasing of inflammatory substances: histamine, serotonin, bradychinin, prostaglandins – which result in increased vascular permeability

A

INVASION PHASE

59
Q

encystment and encapsulation (fever, weakness, pain of patient)

A

CONVALESCENT PHASE

60
Q

muscle biopsy

A

 0.2 – 0.5g of muscle tissue
 (+) larva

61
Q
  • digestive muscle (limited to larvae 10-12 days old or 2-3 weeks post-infection)
     Definitive diagnosis
A

HCI and PEPSIN

62
Q

blood diagnosis of trichinella spiralis

A

Eosinophilia

63
Q

Increased muscle enzymes:
o Creatine phosphokinase
o Lactate dehydrogenase
o Myokinase

64
Q

OTHER CHEMISTRIES

A

Total IgE – elevated

65
Q

LATEX AGGLUTINATION

A

Rapid diagnosis (<1HR)

66
Q

RECOMMENDED diagnosis test for trichinella spiralis

67
Q

Confirmation of ELISA results

A

WESTERN BLOT

68
Q

 Skin test made from Trichinella LARVAE ANTIGEN + SALINE
 (+) WHEAL AND FLARE REACTION
(reddiness and inflammation)

A

BACHMAN INTRADERMAL TEST

69
Q

treatment for trichinella spiralis

A

MEBENDAZOLE and ALBENDAZOLE

70
Q

COOKING OF THE MEAT

A

77C (170 F)

71
Q

STORAGE (freezing)
 ____ for 20 DAYS
 ____ for 6 DAYS

A

-15 C
-30 C

72
Q

SMOKING, DRYING MEAT IS

A

INEFFECTIVE

73
Q

ANIMAL MONITORING

A

 Meat inspection
 Serological tests for animals
 Rat free pens
 Proper disposal of carcasses

74
Q

DOG & CAT ROUNDWORM

A

Toxocara canis and cati

75
Q

From stray dogs (T. canis) and Cats (T. cati)

A

toxocara canis and cati

76
Q

From stray dogs (T. canis) and Cats (T. cati)

A

toxocara canis and cati

77
Q

(resistance to freezing, moisture and pH levels – 1 year) - INFECTIVE STAGE

A

EMBRYONATED EGGS

78
Q

(resistance to freezing, moisture and pH levels – 1 year) - INFECTIVE STAGE

A

EMBRYONATED EGGS

79
Q

ADULT FEMALES of toxocara lay???

A

200,000 eggs daily

80
Q

Can be transmitted transplacental or transmammary routes
- Mainly for predation transmission

A

encysted stage

81
Q

DOG ASCARID

82
Q

PARATENIC HOSTS (non-canid):

A

Rabbits, chicken, cattle, sheep
- Earthworms, invertebrates
ants, other

83
Q

cat ascarid

84
Q

ACCIDENTAL HOSTS of toxocara

85
Q

Diagnostic stage of toxocara

A

3RD STAGE LARVAE migrate in tissues

86
Q

infective stage of toxocara

A

Embryonated eggs

87
Q

larvae will migrate to lungs (bronchial tree) and esophagus where they will be swallowed back to gastrointestinal tract

A

younger cat and dog

88
Q

Adult worm developed and lay eggs in small intestine

A

gastrointestinal

89
Q
  • Patent: egg producing infection
  • Larvae goes to tissue (encyst)
A

older dogs

90
Q
  • Patent: egg producing infection
  • Larvae goes to tissue (encyst)
A

older dogs

91
Q

Encysted larvae can reactivate during late gestation (pregnant)

A

female dogw

92
Q

major route

A

Transplacental

93
Q

minor route

A

transmammary

94
Q

larvae will penetrate the intestinal wall and carry through circulation (liver, heart, lungs, brain, muscle and eyes)

95
Q

T. canis CASES ARE FEWER

A

TOXOCARIASIS

96
Q
  • Migration and death of larvae to tissues and organs
  • Inflammation and eosinophilic granulomas
  • Liver, lungs, CNS, eyes
A

VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS/ VLM

97
Q
  • May coexist with VLM - Unilateral visual impairment
  • Strabismus (duling)
  • Blindness (most serious)
A

OCULAR LARVA MIGRANS/ OLM

98
Q

Less specific and Asymptomatic

A

COVERT TOXOCARIASIS/ CoTOX

99
Q
  • One causes of ENCEPHALITIS
  • migration of larva to the brain, may show in CSF
A

NEUROLOGIC TOXOCARIASIS

100
Q

Definitive diagnosis for toxocara

A

BIOPSY (time consuming and difficult)

101
Q

SEROLOGIC testing for toxocara

A
  • IgG ELISA KITS for Toxocara
  • EXCRETORY-SECRETORY ANTIGENS
102
Q

used animal models for toxocara

103
Q

treatment for toxocara

A

MEBENDAZOLE  ALBENDAZOLE

104
Q

Dracunculus medinensis common names

A

DRAGON WORM, MEDINA WORM, GUINEA WORM

105
Q

“FIERY SERPENT” of the Israelites plagued in the red sea

A

Dracunculus medinensis

106
Q

Longest nematode of man

A

Dracunculus medinensis

107
Q

smaller and rare adult worm of dracunculus medinensis

A

male adult

108
Q
  • Migrates to subcutaneous tissue after mating (skin of extremities) – DIAGNOSTIC STAGE
A

female adult worm

109
Q
  • Tail: 1/3 of body length
  • DIAGNOSTIC STAGE
  • Ruptured ulcers immersed in cool water reveals this larvae
  • Consumed by intermediate hosts
A

1ST STAGE (rhabditiform larva)

110
Q
  • In the intermediate host
  • INFECTIVE STAGE
A

3RD STAGE of dracunculus medinensis

111
Q
  • DEFINITIVE HOSTS
  • Via ingestion of water contaminated with infected copepods (FRESHWATER FLEAS)
112
Q
  • INTERMEDIATE HOSTS
  • Harbors 3rd stage larvae
113
Q

 Symptoms associated with allergic reactions
 Unsuccessful attempts to remove an entire worm may result to partial worm being left – additional allergic reaction and nodule formation

A

DRACUNCULOSIS/ DRACUNCULIASIS

114
Q

Observing ulcers for emergence of worms

A

RECOVERY OF ADULT WORMS

115
Q

Reveals 1st stage larva

A

RUPTURE OF ULCERS BY COOL WATER

116
Q

treatment of dracunculus medinensis

A

Total worm removal (winding of stick)

117
Q

CONTROL/ PREVENTION of dracunculus medinensis

A

Properly treated water (boiling)

PARASITOLOGY (12 decks)

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