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1241B foods > pregnancy- terms > Flashcards

pregnancy- terms Flashcards

1
Q

terms to talk about number of deliveries

A

parity

  • nullipara- no birth
    -primipara- given birth to one
  • multipara- given birth to more than two

(regardless infant survival)

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2
Q

terms- time around birth

prenatal
perinatal
neonatal
neonate
postnatal

A

prenatal – before birth
perinatal – around birth
neonatal – first 4 week after birth
neonate – newborn
postnatal – after birth

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3
Q

term- zygote

A

cell formed by union of sperm and ovum
develop into embryo

conception to two weeks

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4
Q

term embryo–

fetus

A

2-8 weeks

fetus- 8 week to term

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5
Q

menstrual age

A
  • last period
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6
Q

gestation

A

time from conception to birth

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7
Q

pre term/ pre mature

A
  • infant born less than 37 weeks
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8
Q

term baby

A

38-42 weeks

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9
Q

why incubated after 40 weeks

A
  • poo can get info baby lungs and very sticky would kill the baby
  • umbilical cord- wrapped around baby neck
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10
Q

infant morbidity

A

illness

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11
Q

infant mortality

A

death

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12
Q

how much does blood plasma increase while pregnant and why

A
  • volume increase by half (from 2-34 weeks)
  • provide fetus with adequate energy, nutrients and oxygen
  • causes exhaustion first trimester
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13
Q

changes for body equilibrium and heat

A
  • fluid level
  • hemodilution- iron, folate,
    bold lipids increase (cholesterol, LDL<HDL)
  • increased insulin resistance
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14
Q

how GI tract changes to adapt

A
  • increased absorption of select nutrients (ca)
    (important to maintain bone mass)
  • better utilization of nutrients
  • relaxed Gi muscle tone
    (causes nausea and vomiting, reflux, constipation)
  • placenta develops- nourishes fetus
  • breast grow to prepare
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15
Q

what’s the anabolic phase

A

0-20 weeks
- building stores and capacity for delivering energy, nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

  • 10% growth occurs
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16
Q

what is the catabolic phase

A
  • increased capacity to deliver energy and nutrient stores
  • 90% fetal growth and weight gain
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17
Q

edema cause

A
  • body water changes from 7L-10L due to increase in blood plasma volume
  • swelling due to extracellular fluid accumulation
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18
Q

what is preeclampsia

A
  • high blood pressure
  • after 20 weeks it occurs
  • protein in the urine
    significant edema- hands and feet and face
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19
Q

what is the placenta and functions

A

organ

blood circulate in close proximity that nutrients and oxygen/ co2 can be exchanged

  • fetus has access to mothers organs for respiration, absorption and excretory functions
  • protection from harmful elements - bacterias etc.
  • alcohol and drugs can also cross
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20
Q

how big is the placenta. percentage

A

15% of the weight of the fetus at birth

larger than fetus most of pregnancy

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21
Q

blood in placenta

A
  • blood does not mingle- exchange nutrients
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22
Q

what is human chorionic gonadortropin

A
  • produced by vili of placenta
  • increases progesterone and estrogen
    -this is the hormone detected on pregnancy tests
  • big increase of this morning 8-10 of pregnancy
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23
Q

what is the human chorionic somatotropin hormone

A
  • produced by placenta during second half of pregnancy
  • increase insulin resistance
  • increase fat breakdown and protein synthesis
24
Q

what’s estrogens role in the placenta

A
  • increase
  • urine blood flow
  • development
    -promotes flexibility of ligaments
  • lipid formation and storage
25
Q

what’s progesterones role in the placenta

A
  • stimulates endometrial growth (lining of uterus)
  • relaxes smooth muscles
  • breast development
  • matins implanted embryo
26
Q

what’s the amniotic sac

A

fluid filled- ballon like structure that houses the developing uterus

  • fetus can drink water and nutrients from this end of pregnancy
27
Q

natural malnutrition

A
  • limits placental development
  • decrease blood flow and available nutrients
28
Q

zygote

A
  • created when sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell at conception
  • zygote quicky divides into many cells
  • becomes an embryo and implants itself into the wall of the uterus
  • than develops into fetus and develops
29
Q

fetus

A

from 8 weeks to term

30
Q

ectoderm/ mesoderm/ endoderm

A

ectoderm
- outermost layer of cells

mesoderm
- middle layer

endoderm
- middle most layer
- winning of gut/ respiratory,
digestive, excretory systems

31
Q

if underweight. what’s ur BMI, How much weight should gain?

A

less than 18.5 BMI
gain 28-40 pounds during pregnancy

32
Q

if overweight. BMI? Gain?

A

over 25 BMI

gain 15-25 pounds

  • increase risk of medical complications
  • gestational dietbites
  • c- sections
33
Q

risk in excess weight gain over short time

A

preeclampsia

  • hypertension
  • water retention
  • proteinuria- a lot of protein in blood
  • indicate kidney damage
34
Q

what’s the importance of carbs?
what happens first 20 weeks

A
  • glucose and energy for the baby

first 20 weeks.
- estrogen and progesterone cause increase in insulin production– more conversion of glucose to fat

seconds 20 weeks
- pituitary gland- secrets human chorionic somaotorpin (hCS)– cause decrease conversion of glucose to fat

  • some insulin resistance, decreased use of glucose
  • increased reliance on fat
  • increased liver production of glucose for fetal development
35
Q

why is protein important

A
  • making of new tissue and new material
  • no storage, have to continually met protein need
36
Q

why is fat important

A
  1. fat for stores (first 20 weeks)
  2. fat for energy (second 20 weeks)
  • nerve and cell membrane formation
  • steroid hormone synthesis in baby
37
Q

what is the increase calorie needs for parts of pregnancy

A

1st tri– 0 additional cal
2nd tri- 340 additional
3rd tri- 452 additional calories

38
Q

importance of DHA

A
  • development of brain and nervous system

no more than 3g a day
aim- minimum 300 mg/d

39
Q

importance of folate

A
  • normal development (spine, brain, skull)
  • most important day 21-27
  • deficiency– lead to adnormal cell division, and tissue formation
  • methionine shortage
40
Q

vitamin b 12 importance

A
  • nural tube defect
  • effective functioning of nervous system and red blood cells
41
Q

importance of water

A
  • less body retains
  • helps with swollen feet
  • water carries nutrients to baby
42
Q

how to help nausea and vomiting. and why does it happen

A
  • 5-10 weeks of gestation
  • due to high hormone levels

becareful
- electrolyte balance
- weight loss
- dehydration

43
Q

what is hyperemesis gravidarum

A
  • severe nausea and womiting and dehydration

-

44
Q

how to prevent constipation and hemmprriods

A
  • adequate fibre 28g/d
  • adequate water 3l
  • active living

prune juice
a lot of fluids
high insoluble fiber foods
NO LAXATIVES

45
Q

how to help treat heartburn and reflux. why does it happen

A
  • due to progesterone
  • relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter

treatment
- slowly eat
- don’t lay flat after eating
- avoid coffee and carbonated drinks
- sleep with head elevated
-

46
Q

important food safety tips

A

** more susceptible to infections

  • ensure meat well cooked
  • ## reheat leftovers properly
47
Q

what’s listeriosis

A

serious but rare

  • brain infections or stillbirth
  • have to get abortion
48
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

mental retardation
blindess
seizures and death

  • raw, uncooked meat
49
Q

what are high risk pregnancy? factors?

A
  • preterm baby less than 37 weeks
  • high BMI pre pregnancy
  • age (teens and woman 35+)
  • smoking, alcohol and drugs
  • twins and triplets
  • diseases
  • difficult birth
  • birth defects

factors
- genetics
- alchol/drug use

50
Q

what’s fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

alcohol related birth defects

  • physical and mental retardation of fetus
  • retarded growth and facial malformations
  • impaired CNS development
51
Q

fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

A
  • alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder
  • learning disabilities
  • behaviour abnormalities
  • motor impairments
52
Q

what does smoking while pregnant effect

A
  • placental problems, vaginal bleeding
  • decrease fetal blood supply and development
  • harmful compounds- carbon monoxide, nicotine etc.
  • oxygen deprivation– fetal death
  • birth complications
53
Q

what does lead and mercury effect

A

could impair cognitive development

54
Q

why caution around herbal teas

A
  • not enough data about safety
55
Q

consequences of hypertension during pregnancy

A
  • damage and oxidative stress in endothelium (lining) of blood vessels
  • blood flow restriction and increased blood clot risk
56
Q

chronic vs gestational hypertension
and consequences

A

chronic
- present prior to pregnancy or before 20 weeks
- or develops anytime pregnancy and isn’t resolved after

consequences
- preterm baby, placenta abruption

gestational
- elevated bp mid to late pregnancy
- no protein in urine
- resolves after pregnancy

57
Q

preeclampsia- eclampsia

A
  • start 20 weeks +
  • increased blood pressure
  • ## protein in the urine

1241B foods (10 decks)

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