pregnancy- terms Flashcards
terms to talk about number of deliveries
parity
- nullipara- no birth
-primipara- given birth to one - multipara- given birth to more than two
(regardless infant survival)
terms- time around birth
prenatal
perinatal
neonatal
neonate
postnatal
prenatal – before birth
perinatal – around birth
neonatal – first 4 week after birth
neonate – newborn
postnatal – after birth
term- zygote
cell formed by union of sperm and ovum
develop into embryo
conception to two weeks
term embryo–
fetus
2-8 weeks
fetus- 8 week to term
menstrual age
- last period
gestation
time from conception to birth
pre term/ pre mature
- infant born less than 37 weeks
term baby
38-42 weeks
why incubated after 40 weeks
- poo can get info baby lungs and very sticky would kill the baby
- umbilical cord- wrapped around baby neck
infant morbidity
illness
infant mortality
death
how much does blood plasma increase while pregnant and why
- volume increase by half (from 2-34 weeks)
- provide fetus with adequate energy, nutrients and oxygen
- causes exhaustion first trimester
changes for body equilibrium and heat
- fluid level
- hemodilution- iron, folate,
bold lipids increase (cholesterol, LDL<HDL) - increased insulin resistance
how GI tract changes to adapt
- increased absorption of select nutrients (ca)
(important to maintain bone mass) - better utilization of nutrients
- relaxed Gi muscle tone
(causes nausea and vomiting, reflux, constipation) - placenta develops- nourishes fetus
- breast grow to prepare
what’s the anabolic phase
0-20 weeks
- building stores and capacity for delivering energy, nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
- 10% growth occurs
what is the catabolic phase
- increased capacity to deliver energy and nutrient stores
- 90% fetal growth and weight gain
edema cause
- body water changes from 7L-10L due to increase in blood plasma volume
- swelling due to extracellular fluid accumulation
what is preeclampsia
- high blood pressure
- after 20 weeks it occurs
- protein in the urine
significant edema- hands and feet and face
what is the placenta and functions
organ
blood circulate in close proximity that nutrients and oxygen/ co2 can be exchanged
- fetus has access to mothers organs for respiration, absorption and excretory functions
- protection from harmful elements - bacterias etc.
- alcohol and drugs can also cross
how big is the placenta. percentage
15% of the weight of the fetus at birth
larger than fetus most of pregnancy
blood in placenta
- blood does not mingle- exchange nutrients
what is human chorionic gonadortropin
- produced by vili of placenta
- increases progesterone and estrogen
-this is the hormone detected on pregnancy tests - big increase of this morning 8-10 of pregnancy
what is the human chorionic somatotropin hormone
- produced by placenta during second half of pregnancy
- increase insulin resistance
- increase fat breakdown and protein synthesis
what’s estrogens role in the placenta
- increase
- urine blood flow
- development
-promotes flexibility of ligaments - lipid formation and storage
what’s progesterones role in the placenta
- stimulates endometrial growth (lining of uterus)
- relaxes smooth muscles
- breast development
- matins implanted embryo
what’s the amniotic sac
fluid filled- ballon like structure that houses the developing uterus
- fetus can drink water and nutrients from this end of pregnancy
natural malnutrition
- limits placental development
- decrease blood flow and available nutrients
zygote
- created when sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell at conception
- zygote quicky divides into many cells
- becomes an embryo and implants itself into the wall of the uterus
- than develops into fetus and develops
fetus
from 8 weeks to term
ectoderm/ mesoderm/ endoderm
ectoderm
- outermost layer of cells
mesoderm
- middle layer
endoderm
- middle most layer
- winning of gut/ respiratory,
digestive, excretory systems
if underweight. what’s ur BMI, How much weight should gain?
less than 18.5 BMI
gain 28-40 pounds during pregnancy
if overweight. BMI? Gain?
over 25 BMI
gain 15-25 pounds
- increase risk of medical complications
- gestational dietbites
- c- sections
risk in excess weight gain over short time
preeclampsia
- hypertension
- water retention
- proteinuria- a lot of protein in blood
- indicate kidney damage
what’s the importance of carbs?
what happens first 20 weeks
- glucose and energy for the baby
first 20 weeks.
- estrogen and progesterone cause increase in insulin production– more conversion of glucose to fat
seconds 20 weeks
- pituitary gland- secrets human chorionic somaotorpin (hCS)– cause decrease conversion of glucose to fat
- some insulin resistance, decreased use of glucose
- increased reliance on fat
- increased liver production of glucose for fetal development
why is protein important
- making of new tissue and new material
- no storage, have to continually met protein need
why is fat important
- fat for stores (first 20 weeks)
- fat for energy (second 20 weeks)
- nerve and cell membrane formation
- steroid hormone synthesis in baby
what is the increase calorie needs for parts of pregnancy
1st tri– 0 additional cal
2nd tri- 340 additional
3rd tri- 452 additional calories
importance of DHA
- development of brain and nervous system
no more than 3g a day
aim- minimum 300 mg/d
importance of folate
- normal development (spine, brain, skull)
- most important day 21-27
- deficiency– lead to adnormal cell division, and tissue formation
- methionine shortage
vitamin b 12 importance
- nural tube defect
- effective functioning of nervous system and red blood cells
importance of water
- less body retains
- helps with swollen feet
- water carries nutrients to baby
how to help nausea and vomiting. and why does it happen
- 5-10 weeks of gestation
- due to high hormone levels
becareful
- electrolyte balance
- weight loss
- dehydration
what is hyperemesis gravidarum
- severe nausea and womiting and dehydration
-
how to prevent constipation and hemmprriods
- adequate fibre 28g/d
- adequate water 3l
- active living
prune juice
a lot of fluids
high insoluble fiber foods
NO LAXATIVES
how to help treat heartburn and reflux. why does it happen
- due to progesterone
- relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter
treatment
- slowly eat
- don’t lay flat after eating
- avoid coffee and carbonated drinks
- sleep with head elevated
-
important food safety tips
** more susceptible to infections
- ensure meat well cooked
- ## reheat leftovers properly
what’s listeriosis
serious but rare
- brain infections or stillbirth
- have to get abortion
toxoplasmosis
mental retardation
blindess
seizures and death
- raw, uncooked meat
what are high risk pregnancy? factors?
- preterm baby less than 37 weeks
- high BMI pre pregnancy
- age (teens and woman 35+)
- smoking, alcohol and drugs
- twins and triplets
- diseases
- difficult birth
- birth defects
factors
- genetics
- alchol/drug use
what’s fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
alcohol related birth defects
- physical and mental retardation of fetus
- retarded growth and facial malformations
- impaired CNS development
fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
- alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder
- learning disabilities
- behaviour abnormalities
- motor impairments
what does smoking while pregnant effect
- placental problems, vaginal bleeding
- decrease fetal blood supply and development
- harmful compounds- carbon monoxide, nicotine etc.
- oxygen deprivation– fetal death
- birth complications
what does lead and mercury effect
could impair cognitive development
why caution around herbal teas
- not enough data about safety
consequences of hypertension during pregnancy
- damage and oxidative stress in endothelium (lining) of blood vessels
- blood flow restriction and increased blood clot risk
chronic vs gestational hypertension
and consequences
chronic
- present prior to pregnancy or before 20 weeks
- or develops anytime pregnancy and isn’t resolved after
consequences
- preterm baby, placenta abruption
gestational
- elevated bp mid to late pregnancy
- no protein in urine
- resolves after pregnancy
preeclampsia- eclampsia
- start 20 weeks +
- increased blood pressure
- ## protein in the urine
