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1241B foods > preconception > Flashcards

preconception Flashcards

1
Q

before pregnancy
pregnant
pregnant woman

A

pregravid
- before pregnancy
gravid- pregnant
gravida- pregnant woman

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2
Q

terms for # of baby
- first pregnancy
- who have been pregnant
2+ times

A

primigravida- during first pregnancy
multigravida- who have been pregnant 2+ times

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3
Q

pregravid/

A

before pregnancy / pregnancy

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4
Q

fertility

A

actual production of children

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5
Q

fecundity

A

capacity to bear children

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6
Q

infecundity

A

lack of conception after on year of unprotected sex

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7
Q

infertility

A

voluntary absence of production of children

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8
Q

sub fertility

A

decrease in level of fertility

over 12 months of conception or repeated early loss

ovulate infrequently

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9
Q

reason for infertility and fertility rate

A

1/3 male
1/3 female
1/3 combined factors

per 1000 child bearing age

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10
Q

miscarriage vs still birth

A

involuntary loss of fetus- within 20 weeks of pregnancy

still birth over 20 weeks

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11
Q

female reproductive phase: follicular phase

A
  • estrogen stimulates hypothalamus to secret GnRH- results
    in pituitary gland to release FSH (follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates egg mature) and LH
  • LH stimulates the release of the ovum and progesterone by the follicle
  • estrogena and progesterone prep uterus
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12
Q

female reproductive phase: luteal phase

A
  • after ovulation
  • follicle turns into corpus lute
  • corpus lute secrets progesterone and estrogen
  • decreases GnRH
  • decrease FSH, LH

*if egg not fertilized decrease in corpus lutem
- triggers menestration

  • if fertilized
    egg signals the corpus lute increase estrogen and progesterone
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13
Q

how do the female reproductive stages work

A

26-29 days
1st when flow begins
last 14 days luteal

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14
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles

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15
Q

risks of underweight pregnancy

A
  1. decrease in fertility
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16
Q

why is there a decrease in fertility if underweight

A
  • decreased body weight, decreased estrogen// hormones in body
  • shorter or absent leutal phase
17
Q

the female athlete triad causes…

A

** comes from not eating enough rather than intense exercise

amenorrhea
eating disorder
osteoporosis

  1. disordered eating
    - low body weight
    - inadequate caloric intake
  2. menstrual irregularities
    - low estrogen levels - low GnRH
  3. low bone mass
    - low
18
Q

why does female athlete triad cause low bone mass

A
  • low estrogen levels– cause less bone Ca retention
  • decrease bone density
  • increase risk of stunting and osteoporosis
19
Q

why are cigarettes a risk

A

nicotine and carbon monoxide enter baby bloodstream

carbon monooxide– reduce baby blood supply by 40%

nicotine-
narrow blood vessels in placenta
reduce oxygen and food supply

20
Q

how much caffeine can woman have

A

limit 300mg/d

21
Q

factors to infertility in woman

A
  • vegetarian diet
  • low fat intake
  • caffeine
  • iron
  • alcohol
22
Q

factors infertility in men

A

low iron
- decrease semen volume and sperm shape
- decrease testosterone levels

alcohol intake
smoking
- damage DNA in sperm

23
Q

what is hypogonadism

A

decrease penis development

24
Q

how does heavy metal exposure effect infertility

A

lead-
decrease testosterone and sperm production

mercury
- decrease sperm count

25
Q

how does weight stats effect

A

underweight-
more risks involved, risk small and early born

overweight
- risk in complicated pregnancy

26
Q

risk vitamin a during pregnancy

A

excess vit a (retinol)
- facial and heart abnormalities
- teratogenic- cause cognitive abnormalities

27
Q

high blood lead

A

metal retardation risk

28
Q

iodine deficiency risk

A
  • hypothyroidism
    (reduced metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain)
  • cause cretinism in baby
    (developmental delay, deafness, growth failure)
29
Q

insufficient folate risk. how much such have. sources

A
  • need folate first 21 days
    (problem many woman do not know they are pregnant at this time)
  • 46% decrease in neural tube defects if have adequate folate BEFORE pregnancy

need 400 mg/d before pregnancy

  • legumes, brocoli, spinach, green peas, oranges, eggs, cantaloupe, whole wheat
30
Q

two types of neural tube defect

A
  • spina bifida
  • anencephaly
31
Q

how can alcohol effect? what’s the difference fetal alcohol effect and fetel alcohol syndrome)

A

Birth defects (fetal alcohol syndrome)

  • malformations
  • mental and behaviour abnormalities

fetal alcohol effects
(alcohol related neurodevelopment disorders)

  • mental and behaviour abnormalities
  • no malformations
32
Q

if have uncontrolled dietetes

A
  • excessive size
  • fetal malformations
    -dietbetes in offspring
33
Q

recommendation of folate

A

before pre- 400
pregnancy- 600
lactation- 500

34
Q

calcium recommendation

A

1000mg/d

35
Q

iron recommendation

A

19-50– 18mg/d
preg– 27mg/d
lactation 9mg/d

36
Q

oral contraceptives

A
  • increase cholesterol
  • increase risk of venous thromboembolism
  • increase blood copper – blood clot risk
  • risk cervical cancer
  • cardiovascular disease
  • decrease blood concentrations of vitamins (copper, folate, vitamin b12,b 6)

**stoped three months before attempting pregnancy

37
Q

contraceptive injections risk

A
  • increase insulin and LDL
  • decrease HDL
    (decrease good and increase bad)
  • decrease bone density
  • fatigue, headaches and pain
38
Q
A

1241B foods (10 decks)

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