preconception Flashcards
before pregnancy
pregnant
pregnant woman
pregravid
- before pregnancy
gravid- pregnant
gravida- pregnant woman
terms for # of baby
- first pregnancy
- who have been pregnant
2+ times
primigravida- during first pregnancy
multigravida- who have been pregnant 2+ times
pregravid/
before pregnancy / pregnancy
fertility
actual production of children
fecundity
capacity to bear children
infecundity
lack of conception after on year of unprotected sex
infertility
voluntary absence of production of children
sub fertility
decrease in level of fertility
over 12 months of conception or repeated early loss
ovulate infrequently
reason for infertility and fertility rate
1/3 male
1/3 female
1/3 combined factors
per 1000 child bearing age
miscarriage vs still birth
involuntary loss of fetus- within 20 weeks of pregnancy
still birth over 20 weeks
female reproductive phase: follicular phase
- estrogen stimulates hypothalamus to secret GnRH- results
in pituitary gland to release FSH (follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates egg mature) and LH - LH stimulates the release of the ovum and progesterone by the follicle
- estrogena and progesterone prep uterus
female reproductive phase: luteal phase
- after ovulation
- follicle turns into corpus lute
- corpus lute secrets progesterone and estrogen
- decreases GnRH
- decrease FSH, LH
*if egg not fertilized decrease in corpus lutem
- triggers menestration
- if fertilized
egg signals the corpus lute increase estrogen and progesterone
how do the female reproductive stages work
26-29 days
1st when flow begins
last 14 days luteal
amenorrhea
absence of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles
risks of underweight pregnancy
- decrease in fertility
why is there a decrease in fertility if underweight
- decreased body weight, decreased estrogen// hormones in body
- shorter or absent leutal phase
the female athlete triad causes…
** comes from not eating enough rather than intense exercise
amenorrhea
eating disorder
osteoporosis
- disordered eating
- low body weight
- inadequate caloric intake - menstrual irregularities
- low estrogen levels - low GnRH - low bone mass
- low
why does female athlete triad cause low bone mass
- low estrogen levels– cause less bone Ca retention
- decrease bone density
- increase risk of stunting and osteoporosis
why are cigarettes a risk
nicotine and carbon monoxide enter baby bloodstream
carbon monooxide– reduce baby blood supply by 40%
nicotine-
narrow blood vessels in placenta
reduce oxygen and food supply
how much caffeine can woman have
limit 300mg/d
factors to infertility in woman
- vegetarian diet
- low fat intake
- caffeine
- iron
- alcohol
factors infertility in men
low iron
- decrease semen volume and sperm shape
- decrease testosterone levels
alcohol intake
smoking
- damage DNA in sperm
what is hypogonadism
decrease penis development
how does heavy metal exposure effect infertility
lead-
decrease testosterone and sperm production
mercury
- decrease sperm count
how does weight stats effect
underweight-
more risks involved, risk small and early born
overweight
- risk in complicated pregnancy
risk vitamin a during pregnancy
excess vit a (retinol)
- facial and heart abnormalities
- teratogenic- cause cognitive abnormalities
high blood lead
metal retardation risk
iodine deficiency risk
- hypothyroidism
(reduced metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain) - cause cretinism in baby
(developmental delay, deafness, growth failure)
insufficient folate risk. how much such have. sources
- need folate first 21 days
(problem many woman do not know they are pregnant at this time) - 46% decrease in neural tube defects if have adequate folate BEFORE pregnancy
need 400 mg/d before pregnancy
- legumes, brocoli, spinach, green peas, oranges, eggs, cantaloupe, whole wheat
two types of neural tube defect
- spina bifida
- anencephaly
how can alcohol effect? what’s the difference fetal alcohol effect and fetel alcohol syndrome)
Birth defects (fetal alcohol syndrome)
- malformations
- mental and behaviour abnormalities
fetal alcohol effects
(alcohol related neurodevelopment disorders)
- mental and behaviour abnormalities
- no malformations
if have uncontrolled dietetes
- excessive size
- fetal malformations
-dietbetes in offspring
recommendation of folate
before pre- 400
pregnancy- 600
lactation- 500
calcium recommendation
1000mg/d
iron recommendation
19-50– 18mg/d
preg– 27mg/d
lactation 9mg/d
oral contraceptives
- increase cholesterol
- increase risk of venous thromboembolism
- increase blood copper – blood clot risk
- risk cervical cancer
- cardiovascular disease
- decrease blood concentrations of vitamins (copper, folate, vitamin b12,b 6)
**stoped three months before attempting pregnancy
contraceptive injections risk
- increase insulin and LDL
- decrease HDL
(decrease good and increase bad) - decrease bone density
- fatigue, headaches and pain
